John Garang

John Garang
President of Southern Sudan
In office January 9, 2005 – July 30, 2005
Vice President	Salva Kiir
Preceded by	Joseph James Tombura
Succeeded by	Salva Kiir
11th First Vice President of Sudan
In office January 9, 2005 – July 30, 2005
President	Omar al-Bashir
Preceded by	Ali Osman Taha
Succeeded by	Salva Kiir Vacant until August 11, 2005
Personal details
Born	June 23, 1945 Twic (Jonglei, Sudan)
Died	July 30, 2005(2005-07-30) (aged 60) New Site (Southern Sudan, Sudan)
Political party	SPLM
Spouse(s)	Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior
Alma mater	Grinnell College Iowa State University

John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005) was a Sudanese politician and rebel leader. From 1983 to 2005, he led the Sudan People's Liberation Army during the Second Sudanese Civil War, and following a peace agreement he briefly served as First Vice President of Sudan from January 2005 until he died in a July 2005 helicopter crash.

Early years

A member of the Dinka ethnic group, Garang was born into a poor family in Buk village in the upper Nile region of Sudan. An orphan by the age of ten, he had his fees for school paid by a relative, going to schools in Wau and then Rumbek. In 1962 he joined the first Sudanese civil war, but because he was so young, the leaders encouraged him and others his age to seek an education. Because of the ongoing fighting, Garang was forced to attend his secondary education in Tanzania. After winning a scholarship, he went on to earn a B.A. in economics in 1969 from Grinnell College in Iowa, USA. He was known there for his bookishness. He was offered another scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, but chose to return to Tanzania and study East African agricultural economics as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). At UDSM, he was a member of the University Students' African Revolutionary Front. However, Garang soon decided to return to Sudan and join the rebels.^{[citation needed]} There is much erroneous reporting that Garang met and befriended Yoweri Museveni, future president of Uganda, at this time; while both Garang and Museveni were students at UDSM in the 1960s, they did not attend at the same time.^[1]

The civil war ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972 and Garang, like many rebels, was absorbed into the Sudanese military. For eleven years, he was a career soldier and rose from the rank of captain to colonel after taking the Infantry Officers Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. During this period he took four years academic leave and received a master's degree in agricultural economics and a PhD from Iowa State University after writing a thesis on the agricultural development of Southern Sudan. By 1983, Col. Garang was serving as senior instructor in the military academy in Wadi Sayedna 21 km from the centre of Omdurman where he instructed the cadets for more than four years. Later he was nominated to serve in the military research department at Army HQ in Khartoum.

Rebel leader

In 1983, Garang went to Bor, ostensibly to mediate with about 500 southern government soldiers in battalion 105 who were resisting being rotated to posts in the north. However, Garang was already part of a conspiracy among some officers in the Southern Command arranging for the defection of battalion 105 to the anti-government rebels. When the government attacked Bor in May and the battalion pulled out, Garang went by an alternate route to join them in the rebel stronghold in Ethiopia. By the end of July, Garang had brought over 3000 rebel soldiers under his control through the newly-created Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M), which was opposed to military rule and Islamic dominance of the country, and encouraged other army garrisons to mutiny against the Islamic law imposed on the country by the government.^[2] This action marked the commonly agreed upon beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War, which resulted in one and half million deaths over twenty years of conflict. Although Garang was Christian and most of southern Sudan is non-Muslim (mostly animist), he did not initially focus on the religious aspects of the war.

Garang had been fighting for a "New Sudan" since 1983. He was a strong advocate for national unity: minorities together formed a majority and therefore should rule. Together, Garang believed, they could replace President Omar al-Bashir with a government made up of representatives from “all tribes and religions in Sudan." His first real effort for the cause, under his command, occurred in July 1985 with the SPLA’s incursion into Kordofan.^[3]

The SPLA gained the backing of Libya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Garang and his army controlled a large part of the southern regions of the country, named New Sudan. He claimed his troops' courage comes from "the conviction that we are fighting a just cause. That is something North Sudan and its people don't have." Critics suggested financial motivations to his rebellion, noting that much of Sudan's oil wealth lies in the south of the country.^[3]

In the spring of 1991, Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime (in Ethiopia) was overthrown by the Khartoum backed Ethiopian rebels (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front). Upon the rebels’ seizure of the government they closed all SPLA training camps in Ethiopia and cut off the SPLA's arms supply, forcing the SPLA to return hundreds of thousands of Sudanese back to South Sudan. This disrupted military operations and leadership within the SPLA. However, this caused the West to reconsider relations with the SPLA – justifying their providing the SPLA with "non-lethal help."^[4]

Shortly after, there was an attempted coup to oust Garang by three senior SPLA commanders in August 1991. The coup turned out to be premature – however, it exposed the deep ethnic divides within the SPLA. Once everything was resolved, Garang resumed power of the SPLA again in 1995.

Garang in a crowd of supporters

Garang refused to participate in the 1985 interim government or 1986 elections, remaining a rebel leader. However, the SPLA and government signed a peace agreement on January 9, 2005 in Nairobi, Kenya. On July 9, 2005, he was sworn in as vice-president, the second most powerful person in the country, following a ceremony in which he and President Omar al-Bashir signed a power-sharing constitution. He also became the administrative head of a southern Sudan with limited autonomy for the six years before a scheduled referendum of possible secession. No Christian or southerner had ever held such a high government post. Commenting after the ceremony, Garang stated, "I congratulate the Sudanese people, this is not my peace or the peace of al-Bashir, it is the peace of the Sudanese people."

In the Hillcrest Hotel in Nairobi on New Year's Day 2003 there was a meeting between the SPLA and the Fur people. Garang asked two associates of Abdul Wahid al Nur (who later formed the Sudan Liberation Movement) to declare that the Fur people were with the SPLA – they refused.^[4]

Over 15 months, starting in September 2003, Ali Osman and Garang met in private in Naivasha. Their secret meetings and negotiations lasted up until the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was initialled on New Year's Eve 2004.^[4]

The CPA appeared to embody the vision of the "New Sudan" that Garang wanted. Within the CPA, power was split between the National Congress Party and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement for six years, until 2010, with Garang as the first vice-president.^[4]

As a leader, John Garangs' democratic credentials were often questioned. For example, according to Gill Lusk "John Garang did not tolerate dissent and anyone who disagreed with him was either imprisoned or killed".^[5] Under his leadership, the SPLA was accused of human rights abuses.^[5]

The ideological profile of SPLA was as shadowy as Mr Garang himself. He varied from Marxism to drawing support from Christian fundamentalists in the US.^[5]

The United States State Department argued that Garang's presence in the government would have helped solve the Darfur conflict in western Sudan, but others consider these claims "excessively optimistic".^[6]

Death

In late July 2005, Garang died after the Ugandan presidential Mi-172 helicopter he was flying in crashed. He had been returning from a meeting in Rwakitura with long-time ally President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. He did not tell the Sudanese government that he was going to this meeting and so did not take the presidential plane. In fact Garang said he was going to spend the weekend in New Site, a small village near the Kenyan borders founded by Garang himself. To this day nobody knows with whom Garang had met in Rwakitura, or what the agenda of the meeting had been. After being missing for more than 24 hours, the Ugandan president reported it to the Sudanese government which contacted SPLM for more information. SPLM responded that the helicopter Garang was taking landed safely on an old SPLA training camp. Sudanese state television then initially reported that Garang's helicopter had landed safely and that they were trying to contact him. Few hours later, Abdel Basset Sabdarat, Sudan's Information Minister, appeared on TV to deny the report that Garang helicopter landed safely. Actually, it was Yasir Arman, the SPLA/M spokesperson who told the government that Garang plane had landed safely. His intention was to save time for internal arrangements in SPLA before Garang's death was to be declared. Garang's plane crashed on a Friday and so remained missing for the following Saturday. During this time the government believed he was in Southern Sudan. Soon afterwards, a statement released by the office of the Sudanese President Omar el-Bashir confirmed that a Ugandan presidential helicopter crashed into "a mountain range in southern Sudan because of poor visibility and this resulted in the death of Dr. John Garang DeMabior, six of his colleagues and seven Ugandan crew members." [1] His body was flown to New Site, a southern Sudanese settlement near the scene of the crash, where former rebel fighters and civilian supporters gathered to pay their respects to Garang. Garang's funeral took place on August 3 in Juba.^[7] His widow Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior promised to continue his work stating "In our culture we say, if you kill the lion, you see what the lioness will do."^[8]

Questions about death

Both the Sudanese government and the head of the SPLA blamed the weather for the accident. There are, however, doubts as to whether this was the true cause, especially amongst the rank-and-file of the SPLA. Yoweri Museveni, the Ugandan president, claims that the possibility of "external factors" having played a role could not be eliminated.^{[citation needed]}

Effect on peace

Because Garang was considered instrumental in ending the civil war, the effect of Garang's death upon the peace deal is uncertain. The government declared three days of national mourning, which did not stop large scale rioting in Khartoum which killed at least 24 as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces. After three days of violence, the death toll had risen to 84 [2]. Unrest was also reported in other parts of the country. Leading members of the SPLM, including Garang's successor Salva Kiir Mayardit, stated that the peace process would continue. Analysts suggested that the death could result in anything from a new democratic openness in the SPLA, which some have criticized for being overly dominated by Garang, to an outbreak of open warfare between the various southern factions that Garang had brought together.

Partial bibliography of his publications

Garang, John 1987 John Garang Speaks. M. Khalid, ed. London: Kegan Paul International.

See also

• First Sudanese Civil War
• Second Sudanese Civil War
• Sudan People's Liberation Army

References

• Aufstand in der Dreistadt by Thomas Schimidinger in Jungle World Nr.32: August 10, 2005; ISSN 1613-0766

1. ^ Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537420-9. , p. 80
2. ^ Johnson, D. The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars, Indiana University Press, 2003, pp. 61–2.
3. ^ ^{a b} Cockett, R., 2010, Sudan: Darfur and the Failure of an African State, Yale UP.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Flint, J. and Alex de Waal, 2008 (2nd Edn), Darfur: A new History of a Long War, Zed Books.
5. ^ ^{a b c} BBC: Obituary: John Garang
6. ^ Reeves, Eric (2005-08-02). "Untimely Death". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=w050801&s=reeves080205. 
7. ^ "Sudan bids rebel leader farewell". BBC News. 2005-08-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4126370.stm. 
8. ^ Wax, Emily (2005-08-30). "Widow of Sudan's Garang Steps In to Continue His Mission". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/29/AR2005082901861_pf.html. Retrieved 2007-04-25. 

External links

• John Garang on National Public Radio
• Official website of the Sudan People's Liberation Army
• A State Department archive of information from before January 2001
• Sudan ex-rebel joins government, BBC, July 9, 2005
• Obituary, BBC
• Deadly riots erupt in Sudan after Garang death, Reuters, August 1, 2005
• The return of a Sudanese survivor, opinion piece in The Daily Star, Lebanon, July 19, 2005 – some info on early life
• Uganda Joins Sudan in Investigating Garang's Death, William Eagle, Voice of America, August 9, 2005

Persondata
Name	Garang, John
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	June 23, 1945
Place of birth	Bor (Jonglei, Sudan)
Date of death	2005-07-30
Place of death	New Site (Southern Sudan, Sudan)