Faial Island

Infobox Islands
name = Faial

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image caption =
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native name =
native name link = Portugal
nickname = Ilha Azul
location = Atlantic Ocean
coordinates =
archipelago = Azores Islands
area = 173 km²
highest mount = Cabeço Gordo
elevation = 1,043 m
country = Portugal
country admin divisions title = Autonomous Region
country admin divisions = Azores Islands
country capital city =
country largest city = Horta
country largest city population = 9,563
country leader title =
country leader name =
population = 14,785
population as of = 2003
density = 85.46
ethnic groups =
additional info =

Faial Island (pron. IPA2|fɐi'aɫ), also known in English as Fayal, is a Portuguese island of the Central group ("Grupo Central") of the Azores. Its area is 173 km² and it is located 28.7° W longitude and 38.6° N latitude. The nearest island is Pico Island to the east.The island is also referred to as "Ilha Azul" (the "Blue Island"), by poet Raul Brandão, due to the large quantity of Hydrangeas that bloom during the summer months.

History

The original name of Faial (aka Fayal) was "Ilha da Ventura" or "Insula de La Ventura" (Venture Island) and it was possibly discovered by navigator Diogo de Silves, while in the service of the King of Portugal, in 1427. In 1432 a small group of Portuguese settlers came from Terceira Island to settle in the northern pasturelands of Cedros. Queen Isabela of Burgundy authorized the settlement of lands on the island. Flemish settlers under contract from the crown, and led by the nobleman Josse Van Huerter, came to shore at Praia de Almofariz (now Praia de Almoxarife) in the east of the island. A lack of potable fresh water resulted in a move to the preceding valley, which today carries their name (Flamengos). According to the testimony of Henry the Navigator the island was then known as São Luís ("Ilha de São Luís"). By 1490, this Flemish community numbered approximately 1500 people. The Flemish joined with more Portuguese settlers and eventually formed Vila da Horta (later simply Horta). Some time later the island's name changed to "Fayal", due to the large number of Fayal trees Myrica faya. With the island's improving economy more Portuguese settled there and rapidly the Flemish influence diminished.

During the Iberian Union of Portugal and Spain, the island was frequently attacked by British and French pirates between 1589 and 1597. Raiding parties from the Count of Cumberland (Sr. Walter Raleigh) and Count of Essex attacked the defenceless populations between 1589 and 1597. These privateers robbed the inhabitants and burned what they left behind. The Faialese people, to protect themselves, built a large number of fortresses; in the 18th century there were more than 20. The Cabeço Gordo Volcano erupted in 1672, leading to emigration to Brazil, but the economy was not significantly damaged.

In intervening years Horta became a stopover for Jesuit missionaries travelling to and from Brasil and Asia. The Jesuits constructed a college in Horta, as did the Carmelites and Franciscan Orders. The explorer James Cook also reached the islands before initiating his Pacific voyages of discovery, during the 1700s.

In 1876 work started on the construction of a dock in the protected harbour of Horta. As time progressed, Faial's importance expanded through this dock, as a waypoint to trans-Atlantic traffic. Charles William Dabney, the American entrepreneur was responsible for the growth of the industry of the islands with whaling, wine and orange exports predominating. A philanthropic figure, Dabney was responsible for cultivating the economy of the island and supporting its population, aid to agriculture and generating markets abroad for their goods. The growth of industry and trans-Atlantic sail traffic also expanded Horta's importance, as a safe harbour and coal storage base. In 1919, the first airplane to cross the Atlantic stopped at Horta. Horta's exceptional situation also led to Pan American establishing a Clipper base there. Similarly, British, American, French, German and Italian intercontinental submarine cable stations were based in Horta. During World War 2, Horta was also an important naval base, giving shelter to Allied fleets that took part in the Normandy invasion.

The island, dependent on whaling and agriculture, remained prosperous until the eruption of Capelinhos volcano in 1957. Communities of the northern and western coast were harshly affected by the volcano's eruption, as agricultural lands were untillable and covered with sand and ash. This led to the immigration of 4000 people to the United States, spearheaded by members of the Portuguese diaspora in New England and an influential Massachusetts Senator (John F. Kennedy). In addition, whaling, as a viable commercial enterprise was slowly curtailed with innovations in the chemical sector and animal-rights influence.

Economic and political changes since the 1980s have helped to revitalize the islands economy and development. After the Azores gained the status of an Autonomous region in Portugal, Horta, the island's city, was allowed to host the regional parliament ("parlamento regional") of the Azores.

Geography

Part of the Central Group of islands (with Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira), the pentagonal-shaped island occupies an area of approximately 172 km² (22 km east-west and 15 km at its widest point). The island was formed from several geomorphological structures resulting from volcanic and tectonic forces: the Caldera volcano, the Pedro Miguel Graben, the Horta Platform and the more recent Capelos peninsula.

Faial is hilly; the highest mountain, the Cabeço Gordo Caldera, is 1,043 metres high and the inner crater is 2 km wide and 500 metres deep.

The town of Horta (located on the southeast coast of the island) remains the centre of community activity on the island. Owing to its situation, it provides wonderful views of the Island of Pico, and sometimes of São Jorge. The town is flanked by Ponte de Espalamaca, Monte da Guia and Monte Carneiro (both remnants of volcanic cones). The Regional 1-1A roadway circles the island linking the communities in the north and west to southern areas of the island. The river valleys along this route divide small communities from each other: Praia de Almoxarife and Pedro Miguel are just two of the communities in the eastern river valleys. Then one comes to Riberinha, a river valley nestled between the original tectonic fractures that formed the island. In the north, Salão and Cedros are prime agricultural lands and the nucleus of the oldest settlements on the island. Proceeding further north, the ocean cliff slopes become steeper near the communities of Praia do Norte, where from Costa Brava, 320 m high, there are views of the coastal village of Fajã. The volcanic black lava and deep vegetation continues in the areas around Fajã da Praia do Norte and Norte Pequeno.

Along with other islands in the Azores archipelago, the island is of volcanic origin and is close to the tectonic divide between the European and American plates. Indeed, the island can be considered the westernmost point of Europe (the two islands west of Faial, Flores and Corvo, are already on the American plate). Relatively small in size in comparison to the Pico, the centre of the island is dominated by Cabeço Gordo and its Caldeira. Until 1957 the island was circular (20 km x 25 km). The last eruption occurred near the small parish of Capelo on September 27, 1957. At first, the "Ilha Nova" formed off the coast of Ponte do Capelo, which quickly disappeared. Later a small islet formed off the western coast and volcanic activity dissipated. The volcano became active again on December 16, 1957; this lasted until May 12, 1958 and connected the islet with Faial, effectively enlarging the island by 2.4 km² and forming the "Ponte dos Capelinhos". This area is now considered a national refuge and ecological sensitive zone with limited access to the dormant cone.

To the south, Varadouro, is the part of the spa region, dominated by an attractive bay and the black rock cliffs of the Castelo Branco (Mouro). The Varadouro spa, and its hypersaline waters at a temperature of 35.5°C (96°F) are available to beachgoers who travel to ocean-carved pools for refreshment. Further along the coast, Castelo Branco and Feteira highlight the rough coast and pasturelands near the city of Horta. Lajinha and Ponta Furada (near Horta) is an area of caves and strange lava arches formed during the creation of the island.

Faial has been affected by various earthquakes and seismic events during the populated history of the island. The most important was the 1759-1760 earthquakes and aftershocks occurring around Christmas and New Years. Similar in nature, the 1926 earthquake rumbled the city of Horta, in early-April. On April 5, damages were reported in Flamengos, Ribeirinha and Conceição. On August 31 at 08:42(local time) causing 8 deaths ruining the cities of Horta again and parishes of Conceição, Praia do Almoxarife (ruining 220 homes), Flamengos, Feteira and Castelo Branco and most of Lomba do Pilar and Salão. The total and partial damages to the earthquake were 4,138 homes and buildings. Similar tremors and events were felt in 1957/1958 (Capelinhos eruption) 1963 and 1973. The 1998 Azores earthquake on July 9 shook Faial, Pico and São Jorge at 07:19 measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale with and epicentre NNE of the island of Faial caused damages to the parishes of Riberinha, Pedro Miguel, Salão and Cedros and stronger damages in Castelo Branco (mainly Lombega), Flamengos and Praia do Almoxarife on Faial, it also caused damages in parts of Pico Island and the far western part of the São Jorge Island. 8 persons lost their lives in the earthquake, 1,700 persons were homeless.

See also Horta (Azores).

Economy

Faial's economy is based on agriculture and related industries, cattle, and tourism. Its fast economic growth was propelled by the production of a blue-coloured pastel plant that was used for dyes.

The economy of the island generated some prosperity until 1957, when the Capelinhos Volcano erupted in the western part of the island, reactivating emigration to North America, supported by promises of aid made by Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy to the affected populations.

The main agricultural resources of the island are potatoes, cereals, fruits, and wines, along with cattle (which makes up its dairy and meat industry). The city of Horta is the centre of commerce and services of the island.

In the 1960s, Portugal experienced economic growth, and an airport was opened; with it, tourists came. After Portugal's entry into the EEC, the standard of living rapidly grew and today the population generally prospers.

Demographics

Faial's population is 14,785 (in 2003). The only city on the island, Horta (9,563 inhabitants) has a port and a marina.

Culture

There are several festivals on Faial, the most important ones being in the summer. The most popular ones are the Espírito Santo festivals occurring throughout the island between Ascension Day and August. Saint John is the patron saint of Horta, being celebrated has "São João da Caldeira".

The island, like some other Azorean islands, produces cheeses and other milk products, along with cow meat, and by-products notable in Portugal, and it has a rich cuisine that also includes local sea-food.

Scrimshaw, handiwork made of whale teeth, is a traditional craft of the Azores. However, because of the prohibition on whaling in Portugal, some designs of this can easily cost hundreds of Euros, due to the rarity of whale teeth.

References

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* Actividades Turisticas, Lda. (2003)- Faial, Açores: Guia do Património Cultural

External links

* [http://www.azores.com/azores/faial.php Azores.com]
* [http://theazoresislands.blogspot.com/search/label/Faial%20Island The Azores Islands, Site about Portuguese Azores Islands]
* [http://www.sata.pt Sata Airlines - the only airline serving the island]