Walter Mandler

Walter Mandler (May 10, 1922-April 21, 2005), Famous lens designer of Ernst Leitz Canada (Leica) at Midland, Ontario.

Mandler was born on May 10, 1922 in a German farmer family. In 1947 he joined Ernst Leitz at Wetzlar as a lens designer, working with Max Berek. At the same time he studied in Giessen University. Later he obtained a Bachelor degree in Physics and then a Ph.D (Summa cum Laude) in 1979.

In 1952 Ernst Leitz decided to establish Ernst Leitz Canada (ELCAN) at Midland, Ontario. Dr. Walter Mandler was one of the team member "on loan" for a short period of time. However, Dr. Walter Mandler stayed in Canada for more than half a century and became a Canadian citizen.

Dr. Walter Mandler's chief contribution to the optical engineering was his pioneering works in application of computer aided design in optical engineering. Midland optical department was specialized in the research of retrofocus designs and apochromatic corrections. Mandler employed sophisticated combinations of special glasses in his APO and high-speed designs, and many of these glasses were original Leitz formulas manufactured by Schott or Corning. Mandler was a master in optimizing Double-Gauss designs by means of the computer and a particular method developed by him and explained in his doctoral dissertation.

Walter Mandler became VP of Elcan from 1974, being an optical advisor for Leica until his retirement in 1985.

Walter Mandler died on April 21, 2005 at Midland, Ontario.

Mandler lenses

Walter Mandler is credited with the design of more than 45 high performance Leica lenses for the Leica rangerfinder cameras and Leica SLR cameras, including many landmark designs:

A complete list of Leica M and R Lenses designed by Dr. Walter Mandler as selected by Dr. Mandler himself not in chronological order (Viewfinder Vol 83.2):

*A) SCREWMOUNT LENSES:
*1) Summicron 35/2
*2) Summicron 90/2
*3) Elmar 135/4
*4) Telyt 200/4
*5) Telyt 280/4.8
*6) Telyt 400/5 (2nd)

*B) LEICA M LENSES:
*7) Elmarit 21/2.8
*8) Elmarit-M 21/2.8 (3th) (excellent retrofocus lens for M rangefinder cameras, in production from 1980 until 1993)
*9) Summicron 35/2 (1st)
*10) Summicron 35/2 (2nd & 3rd)
*11) Summicron 35/2 (4th)
*12) Summilux-M 35/1.4 C27 (the first 35mm focal length lens with a f/1.4 aperture, designed in 1958 and produced from 1961 until 1993)
*13) Summicron 50/2
*14) Summicron 50/2 (4th)
*15) Summicron-M 50/2.0 C368 (a landmark Double-Gauss design of 1974, still in production, since 1979)
*16) Elcan 50/2
*17) Summilux 50/1.4 (2nd)
*18) Summilux-M 50/1.4 (in production for more than 40 years, from 1959 until 2004)
*19) Noctilux-M 50/1.0 C271 (the fastest lens for 35mm format actually in production, since 1975, designed in 1969)
*20) Summilux-M 75/1.4 (in production for 27 years, from 1980 until 2007. This was the favourite design of Mandler himself)
*21) Summilux 75/1.4 (2nd) (only a mechanical revision; the same optical cell)
*22) Elmar 90/4 (3 elements)
*23) Tele-Elmarit 90/2.8 (1st)
*24) Tele-Elmarit 90/2.8 (2nd)
*25) Elmarit 90/2.8 (2nd) (different redesigns, from 1959, 1964, 1974 and 1990 for M cameras, to 1964 and 1980 for R cameras)
*26) Summicron 90/2 (1st)
*27) Summicron 90/2 (2nd)
*28) Summicron 90/2.0 (3th) (the last design was for M cameras, in production from 1980 until 1998; previous versions from 1963 and 1970 also for R cameras)
*29) Elmar 135/4
*30) Tele-Elmar 135/4
*31) Elmarit 135/2.8 (1st)
*32) Elmarit 135/2.8 (2nd)
*33) Elcan 66/2 (Extra-high resolution lens for the US Navy)
*34) 90/1.0 C164 (another special ELCAN lens for the US Navy)

*C) LEICA R LENSES:
*35) Elmarit-R 19/2.8 (1st)
*36) EElmarit-R 19mm/2.8 (2nd) (retrofocus design in production from 1975 until 1990)
*37) Summicron-R 35/2 (2nd)
*38) Summicron-R 50/2 (1st)
*39) Summicron-R 50/2 (2nd & 3rd)
*40) Summilux-R 80/1.4 (Still in production, from 1980)
*41) Elmarit-R 90/2.8 (1st)
*42) Elmarit-R 90/2.8 (2nd)
*43) Summicron-R 90/2
*44) Elmarit-R 135/2.8 (1st)
*45) Elmarit-R 135/2.8 (2nd)
*46) APO-Telyt-R 180/3.4 (from 1975, this lens had extra low dispersion or anamalous dispersion elements specially developed at the Leitz Wetzlar glass research lab that equaled the performance of fluoride crystal elements without their drawbacks. (only 6.000 units were produced).
*47) Telyt-R 250/4 (1st)
*48) Telyt-R 250/4 (2nd)
*49) Telyt 350/4.8
*50) APO 75/2.0 C341 (an apochromatic R lens for a U.S. Navy High Resolution Small Format Camera System. Only two types of glass were employed in this 8 elements, Double-Gauss based design. Only a few units were produced in 1973)

Mandler also designed lenses for IMAX movie projection systems, high-aperture lenses for Picker X-ray applications, lenses for RCA Victor television cameras, extrahigh resolution lenses for intelligence-gathering, scopes for the Canadian, US and NATO armed forces, lenses for HP scanners, etc...

A valuation of Mandler's significance

After his death, Mr. Ichiro Yoshiyama, former Chief Operating Officer of Minolta Corporation, declared (Viewfinder Magazine, Vol 38, No 2) "Dr. Walter Mandler was [...] always the subject of adoration among engineers of Minolta's optical engineering sections". Mr. Hiroshi Kimata, former editor of Popular Photography magazine, declared "Above all advanced cameras, the most respected and admired cameras and lenses in Japan are still the Leica cameras and Leica lenses. Without Leicas, no Japanese camera industry might be inspired to develop single-lens-reflex cameras and automatic machines. Leicas are still the unconquered highest summit of the world of photography".

Interviewed by Tom Abrahamsson in the early 80s about his favourite designs Mandler answered "Right now it is the 75/1.4 Summilux because it's balance between performance and size" (also in Viewfinder Magazine, Vol 38, No 2). However, the current head of the optical department at Leica, Peter Karbe, [http://dfarkas.blogspot.com/2008/09/photokina-2008-day-2-taking-it-easy-and.html#links interviewed during the Photokina 2008 Show] , doesn't like it.

Peter Karbe wrote some lines about Mandler after his death (Viewfinder Magazine, Vol 38, No 2): "I can readily say that Dr. Mandler was one of the great optical designers at Leitz and that his work constituted a major contribution to the success of the Leica M rangefinder camera. Dr. Mandler was clearly ahead of his times with his developments. That is proven by the numerous optical computations that still have lost nothing in terms of current relevance. Among them is the 50 mm f/1 Noctilux-M lens that he designed. Today, many publications still refer to his work, notably the landmark 50 mm f/2 Summicron-M lens. And there are numerous other examples that prove how important his work was for the evolution of photographic optics in general and for the evolution of photography at Leitz. This includes his apochromatically corrected telephoto lenses. (...) While I was writing these lines, it occurred to me that that I am not qualified to render a judgment of Dr. Mandler."

Erwin Puts [http://www.imx.nl/photo/zeiss/zeiss/page65.html wrote in an essay] about Zeiss lenses that "The great revolution in optical designs occurred during the sixties and seventies, when Dr. Glatzel of Zeiss introduced new methods of lens design. In the Leica-centric view of the world, one often assumes that well-known Leica designers, like Dr Mandler, are in the front rank of the world's best optical designers. In fact this is not the case. Persons like Dr Glatzel or Dr. Kingslake have had a more lasting impact on the evolution of lens design. It is only quite recently that Leica lens designs have broken out of the traditional constraints that have restrained the free flow of creativity of the design department."

Also in Puts' [http://www.imx.nl/photo/optics/optics/page93.html essay on Leica optical designers] we can find some clues about Mandler's significance: "The key word for the Mandler designs is “state-of-the -art”. The designs are first rate, even today, but the japanese competition came quite close to producing the same level of imagery. The Leitz designs had their own typical set of compromises that distinguished their lenses from the rest, but the best of Zeiss, Canon and Nikon and Topcon were measurably on the same level (...). The Mandler era delivered first rate lenses, but they were mainstream lenses that fitted into the Zeitgeist of the 35mm style of photography. The innovations (zoomlenses) however were snatched away from Leitz by the Japanese companies."

Erwin Puts [http://www.imx.nl/photo/optics/optics/page93.html concludes] : "He was also a daring man: he created the Summilux 1.4/35mm when everybody assumed that such a lens was not possible. Mandler was a pragmatist more than a visionary. His designs are very competent, but he had to work within the restrictions of the Leitz philosophy of lens manufacture. It seems that lenses for 35mm photography were a bit boring for him, as they did not pose the challenge he wanted. This he found in the designs for the military and in the Elcan lenses he could explore more exciting optical limits. (...) There are only a few letters by Mandler in the Leica archives and the contents give the impression of a passionate man, who feels slightly frustrated by the slow progress made by Leitz and the fast improvements made by the Japanese. He clearly saw that without fundamental changes Leica could not compete in the long run. But Leitz was in those days already living on borrowed money. His Elcan designs were by nature less cost oriented and the knowledge gained here could be transferred to the photographic department. (...) Mandler's study about the Double-Gauss designs is still the definitive analysis of the limits and potential of this class of lenses. The book was published in 1979 and represented the state of the art in optical design at that time. His achievement was the transfer of that theoretical framework to practical design. He did not develop really innovative designs, but his strong point was the exploration of existing limits and to find ways to implement the almost impossible."

External links

* [http://www.phsc.ca/phsc_e-mail/Vol-5/PHSC-E-Mail-V5-2-Dr-Mandler.pdf The Photographic Historic Society of Canada: Eulogy for Dr. Walter Mandler]
* [http://www.imx.nl/photo/optics/optics/page93.html Erwin Puts: Dr. Walter Mandler died on april 21, 2005]
* [http://www.imx.nl/photo/optics/optics/page93.html Erwin Puts: Three generations of optical design at Leica: Berek, Mandler, Kölsch]
* [http://www.imx.nl/photo/leica/lenses/lenses/page56.html Erwin Puts' Review: Noctilux-M 1:1/50]
* [http://www.overgaard.dk/leica_history.html Pictures of rare Elcan R lenses]
* [http://www.luciolepri.it/lc2/marcocavina/articoli_fotografici/leitz_elcan_90/00_pag.htm Marco Cavina: Leitz Elcan 90mm f/1.0 (in Italian)]
* [http://www.luciolepri.it/lc2/marcocavina/articoli_fotografici/mandler_2_35_summicron/00_pag.htm Marco Cavina: Walter Mandler e la chimica del vetro (in Italian)]
* [http://www.luciolepri.it/lc2/marcocavina/articoli_fotografici/Leica_35_1,4_aspherical/00_pag.htm Marco Cavina: Leica Summilux-M 35mm f/1,4 Aspherical 1 tipo:

 analisi approfondita di un monumento 

nell'evoluzione degli obiettivi fotografici (in Italian)]
* [http://www.reportajes-jmserrano.com/leica.html J.M. Serrano, Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/1: The Last Emperor, published at Film und Foto, Nº1]
* [http://valentinsama.blogspot.com/2007/10/acerca-del-noctilux.html J.M. Serrano: About the Noctilux and Mandler (in Spanish)]
* [http://photo.net/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=008b8F Tom Abrahamsson on ELCAN factory]
* [http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2008/06/leica-magical-word-with-great-future.html Leica: A Magical World with Great Future I, by J.M.Serrano]
* [http://elrectanguloenlamano.blogspot.com/2008/07/leica-magical-word-with-great-future.html Leica: A Magical World with Great Future II, by J.M.Serrano]
* [http://www.imx.nl/photo/zeiss/zeiss/page65.html Erwin Puts about Zeiss ZM lenses and lens design]

Further reading

* Mandler, W. (1979): Über die Berechnung einfacher Gauss-Objektive, Doctoral Dissertation, Giessen University.
* Mandler, W. (1980): “Design of basic double Gauss lenses”, International Optical Design Conference, Fisher ed., Proceedings SPIE 0237, pp. 222-232.
* Mandler, W. (1989): “Leica lenses and early computers", I and II, Viewfinder, Leica Historical Society of America, 22(1) y 22(2).
* Jonas, R. P. and Thorpe, M. D. (2006): “Double Gauss lens design: a review of some classics”, Proceedings SPIE 6342, pp. 1-15.