Experimental cancer treatment

Experimental cancer treatments are medical therapies intended or claimed to treat cancer (see also "tumor") by improving on, supplementing or replacing conventional methods (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy).

The entries listed below vary between theoretical therapies to unproven controversial therapies. Many of these treatments are alleged to only help against specific forms of cancer. It is not a list of treatments widely available at hospitals.

Bacterial treatments

Chemotherapeutic drugs have a hard time penetrating tumors to kill them at their core because these cells may lack a good blood supply. Researchers have been using anaerobic bacteria, such as "Clostridium novyi", to consume the interior of oxygen-poor tumours. These should then die when they come in contact with the tumour's oxygenated sides, meaning they would be harmless to the rest of the body. A major problem has been that bacteria don't consume all parts of the malignant tissue. However combining the therapy with chemotheraputic treatments can help to solve this problem.

Another strategy is to use anaerobic bacteria that have been transformed with an enzyme that can convert a non-toxic prodrug into a toxic drug. With the proliferation of the bacteria in the necrotic and hypoxic areas of the tumour the enzyme is expressed solely in the tumour. Thus a systemically applied prodrug is metabolised to the toxic drug only in the tumour. This has been demonstrated to be effective with the non pathogenic anaerobe "Clostridium sporogenes".cite book |author= Mengesha et al|year=2009|chapter=Clostridia in Anti-tumor Therapy |title=Clostridia: Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era|publisher=Caister Academic Press|id = ISBN 978-1-904455-38-7 ]

Gene therapy

Introduction of tumor suppressor genes into rapidly dividing cells has been thought to slow down or arrest tumor growth. Adenoviruses are a commonly utilized vector for this purpose. Much research has focused on the use of adenoviruses which cannot reproduce, or reproduce only to a limited extent, within the patient to ensure safety via the avoidance of cytolytic destruction of noncancerous cells infected with the vector. However, new studies focus on adenoviruses which can be permitted to reproduce, and destroy cancerous cells in the process, since the adenoviruses' ability to infect normal cells is substantially impaired, potentially resulting in a far more effective treatment. [Daniel T Rein, M Breidenbach & David T Curiel. "Current developments in adenovirus-based cancer gene therapy". Future OncologyFeb 2006, Vol. 2, No. 1, Pages 137-143. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16556080] ] [Anna Kanerva, Sergio Lavilla-Alonso, Mari Raki, Lotta Kangasniemi, Gerd J. Bauerschmitz, Koichi Takayama, Ari Ristimäki, Renee A. Desmond, and Akseli Hemminki. "Systemic Therapy for Cervical Cancer with Potentially Regulatable Oncolytic Adenoviruses". PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(8): e2917. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2500220] ] Another use of gene therapy is the introduction of enzymes into these cells that make them susceptible to particular chemotherapy agents; studies with introducing thymidine kinase in gliomas, making them susceptible to aciclovir, are in their experimental stage.

Telomerase therapy

Because most malignant cells rely on the activity of the protein telomerase for their immortality, it has been proposed that a drug which inactivates telomerase might be effective against a broad spectrum of malignancies. At the same time, most healthy tissues in the body express little if any telomerase, and would function normally in its absence.

A number of research groups have experimented with the use of telomerase inhibitors in animal models, and as of 2005 and 2006 phase I and II human clinical trials are underway. Geron Corporation, is currently conducting two clinical trials involving telomerase inhibitors. One uses a vaccine (GRNVAC1) and the other uses a lipidated drug (GRN163L).

Thermotherapy

Localized application of heat has been proposed as a technique for the treatment of malignant tumours. Intense heating will cause denaturation and coagulation of cellular proteins, rapidly killing cells within a tumour.

More prolonged moderate heating to temperatures just a few degrees above normal can cause more subtle changes. A mild heat treatment combined with other stresses can cause cell death by apoptosis. There are many biochemical consequences to the heat shock response within in cell, including slowed cell division and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation therapy.

There are many techniques by which heat may be delivered. Some of the most common involve the use of focused ultrasound (FUS or HIFU), microwave heating, induction heating, or direct application of heat through the use of heated saline pumped through catheters. Experiments have been done with carbon nanotubes that selectively bind to cancer cells. Lasers are then used that pass harmlessly through the body, but heat the nanotubes, causing the death of the cancer cells. Similar results have also been achieved with other types of nanoparticles including gold-coated nanoshells and nanorods which exhibit certain degrees of 'tunability' of the absorption properties of the nanoparticles to the wavelength of light for irradiation. The success of this approach to cancer treatment rests on the existence of an 'optical window' in which biological tissue (i.e,. healthy cells) are completely transparent at the wavelength of the laser light while nanoparticles are highly absorbing at the same wavelength. Such a 'window' exists in the so-called near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this way, the laser light can pass through the system without harming healthy tissue and only diseased cells, where the nanoparticles reside, get hot and are killed.

One of the challenges in thermal therapy is delivering the appropriate amount of heat to the correct part of the patient's body. A great deal of current research focuses on precisely positioning heat delivery devices (catheters, microwave and ultrasound applicators, etc.) using ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as of developing new types of nanoparticles that make them particularly efficient absorbers while offering little or no concerns about toxicity to the circulation system. Clinicians also hope to use advanced imaging techniques to monitor heat treatments in real time—heat-induced changes in tissue are sometimes perceptible using these imaging instruments.

Dichloroacetate (DCA)

Dichloroacetate has been found to shrink tumors "in vitro" and in rats.cite journal |author=Bonnet S, Archer S, Allalunis-Turner J, Haromy A, Beaulieu C, Thompson R, Lee C, Lopaschuk G, Puttagunta L, Bonnet S, Harry G, Hashimoto K, Porter C, Andrade M, Thebaud B, Michelakis E |title=A mitochondria-K+ channel axis is suppressed in cancer and its normalization promotes apoptosis and inhibits cancer growth |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |year=2007 |pmid=17222789 |doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.020] These studies received attention in the media,cite web | url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn10971 | title=Cheap, ‘safe’ drug kills most cancers | date=2007-01-17 | accessdate=2007-01-17 | publisher=New Scientist] and some doctors began controversially using the chemical off-label. [ http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/poll/featured_article.html] A small clinical trial (enrollment- up to 50 patients) has been planned with patients originating from the Edmonton area. [http://www.medicorcancer.com/DCAtherapy.html Medicor Cancer Centres – DCA Therapy] ] [http://www.depmed.ualberta.ca/dca/letter_092407.pdf DCA Update: Health Canada Approves First DCA Clinical Trial in Cancer, 24 September 2007]

Non-invasive RF cancer treatment

This preclinical treatment involves using radio waves to heat up tiny metals which are implanted in cancerous tissue. Gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes are the most likely candidate. Promising preclinical trials have been conducted,cite news |year=2007 |title=Research on local man's cancer treatment idea shows it has promise
author=David Templeton |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=2007-01-18 |accessdate=2007-11-04 |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07018/754702-114.stm] cite journal |last=Gannon |first=Christopher J. |coauthors = Cherukuri, Paul; Yakobson, Boris I.; Cognet, Laurent; Kanzius, John. S.; Kittrell, Carter; Weisman, R. Bruce; Pasquali, Matteo; Schmidt, Howard K.; Smalley, Richard E.; Curley, Steven A. |year=2007
title=Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field |journal=Cancer |volume=Dec. 2007 |doi = 10.1002/cncr.23155 |pages=2654] although clinical trials may not be held for another few years.cite news |year=2007 |title=The cure to cancer could be in your radio!
publisher=Winknews.com |accessdate=2007-11-01 |url=http://www.winknews.com/features/health/10949561.html]

Complementary and alternative

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments are the diverse group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not part of conventional medicine.cite journal |author=Cassileth BR, Deng G |title=Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer |journal=Oncologist |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=80–9 |year=2004 |pmid=14755017 |url=http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/9/1/80 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80] "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while "alternative medicine" refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine. [ [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/#2 What Is CAM?] National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. retrieved 3 February 2008.] CAM use is common among people with cancer; a 2000 study found that 69% of cancer patients had used at least one CAM therapy as part of their cancer treatment.cite journal |author=Richardson MA, Sanders T, Palmer JL, Greisinger A, Singletary SE |title=Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=18 |issue=13 |pages=2505–14 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10893280 |url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/18/13/2505] Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been rigorously studied or tested. Some alternative treatments which have been investigated and shown to be ineffective continue to be marketed and promoted.cite journal |author=Vickers A |title=Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"? |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=110–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15061600 |doi= |url=http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/54/2/110]

Controversial therapies

Diet therapy

Johanna Budwig proposed a diet therapy claimed to treat cancer. Most oncologists have a belief that a diet alone cannot treat cancer. Reports of dramatic remissions as a result of the Budwig diet are anecdotal, and not supported by peer-reviewed research. (On the other hand, her diet is good from a nutritional point of view to counteract some side-effects of other treatments.) Some basic research on flax oil (preferred by Budwig) is available. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10424786 Entrez PubMed Text Version ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15849746 Entrez PubMed Text Version ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12588699 Entrez PubMed Text Version ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15897583 Entrez PubMed Text Version ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12142076 Entrez PubMed Text Version ] ]

Unfortunately, the proponents of this approach have been consistently unable to produce a single surviving patient who meets all of these criteria:
# was diagnosed by an independent oncologist instead of by a proponent,
# actually appears to have been cured, and
# did not undergo conventional cancer therapies which could reasonably explain the successful treatment.

Insulin potentiation therapy

In insulin potentiation therapy (IPT), insulin is given in conjunction with low-dose chemotherapy. Its proponents claim insulin therapy increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by malignant cells, permitting the use of lower total drug doses and reducing side effects.

Some "In vitro" studies have demonstrated the principle of IPT. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7037424&dopt=Abstract Metabolic modification by insulin enhances methotr... [Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1981 - PubMed Result ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11082431&dopt=Citation Insulin enhancement of opioid peptide transport ac... [J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 - PubMed Result ] ]

The first clinical trial of IPT for treating breast cancer was done in Uruguay and published in 2003/2004. Insulin combined with low-dose methotrexate (a chemotherapy drug) resulted in greatly increased stable disease, and much reduced progressive disease, compared with insulin or low-dose methotrexate alone. Although the study was very small (30 women, 10 per group), the results appear to be very promising. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14655024&query_hl=2 Insulin-induced enhancement of antitumoral respons... [Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004 - PubMed Result ] ]

References

External links

* [http://www.cancer.org American Cancer Society]
* [http://www.nci.nih.gov National Cancer Institute]
* [http://www.depmed.ualberta.ca/dca/ Dichloroacetate (DCA) Research]
* [http://www.nature.com/nrc/index.html Nature Reviews Cancer website]
* [http://www.robertsreview.com Audio-video Physician Interviews on Cancer Treatment Breakthroughs]
* [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/cancer.html "Questionable Cancer Therapies"]