George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States by George W. Bush since before his presidency.

In the summer of 2005, this speculation became newsworthy, due to the announcement of the retirement of Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on July 1. President Bush announced federal appellate judge John Roberts as O'Connor's replacement on July 19.

On September 5, two days after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Bush renominated Roberts as the 17th Chief Justice of the United States. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005.

On October 3, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers to succeed O'Connor. However, Miers withdrew her nomination on October 27 after facing significant opposition.

On October 31, Bush nominated another federal appellate judge, Samuel Alito, as his new choice to replace O'Connor. Alito was confirmed as the 110th Justice of the Supreme Court on January 31, 2006.

Overview

Throughout much of the history of the United States, the Supreme Court of the United States was clearly the least powerful branch of the government, just as is often considered the Founding Fathers' intention, and nominations to that body, although important, were not the source of great political controversy as they are today. Until the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist, the composition of the Supreme Court had remained unchanged since 1994, the second longest time period without a membership change in U.S. history (the longest having been from 1812–1823).

Furthermore, the current court has been sharply divided on a number of high-profile issues, including abortion rights, affirmative action, the extent of Congressional power under the Commerce Clause, eminent domain, gay rights, the separation of church and state under the Establishment Clause, sovereign immunity, and states' rights. The number of close votes in cases involving these areas suggests that a change of one or two key justices could completely shift the thinking of the Court on such issues.

Politics

When asked about the kind of justices he would appoint to the Supreme Court, President George W. Bush responded:"I would pick people that would be strict constructionists. We've got plenty of lawmakers in Washington, D.C. Legislators make law. Judges interpret the Constitution. ... And that's the kind of judge I'm going to put on there." In more detail, Bush in 1999 told reporter Fred Barnes of the conservative magazine "The Weekly Standard" that he would nominate judges to the court in the mold of controversial originalist Justice Antonin Scalia. [ [http://mediamatters.org/items/200510130005 Did Bush promise to appoint a justice like Scalia? CNN's Bash busted an "urban myth" with a myth of her own, while Fred Barnes changed his story -- then changed it back again] from Media Matters for America ]

The filibuster

Soon after the inauguration of Bush as president in January 2001, many liberal academics became worried that he would begin packing the federal judiciary with conservative jurists. Yale law professor Bruce Ackerman wrote an article in the February 2001 edition of the liberal magazine "The American Prospect" that encouraged the use of the filibuster to stop Bush from placing any nominee on the Supreme Court during his first term. [ [http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=5663 The Court Packs Itself] from The American Prospect] In addition, law professors Cass Sunstein (University of Chicago) and Laurence Tribe (Harvard), along with Marcia Greenberger of the National Women's Law Center, counseled Senate Democrats in April 2001 "to scrutinize judicial nominees more closely than ever." Specifically, they said, "there was no obligation to confirm someone just because they are scholarly or erudite. [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/01/politics/01TALK.html?ex=1138770000&en=cfbcedb1a9f42f68&ei=5070 Washington Talk: Democrats Readying for Judicial Fight] from the New York Times]

On May 9, 2001, President Bush announced his first eleven court of appeals nominees in a special White House ceremony. [ [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/05/20010509-3.html Remarks by the President During Federal Judicial Appointees Announcement] from a White House press release] There was immediate concern expressed by liberal groups like the Alliance for Justice. [ [http://www.allianceforjustice.org/images/collection_images/2001-02_AFJ_Biennial_Report.pdf Alliance for Justice ] ] From June 2001 to January 2003, when the Senate was controlled by the Democrats, the most conservative appellate nominees were delayed in the Senate Judiciary Committee. However, after the 2002 mid-term elections in which the Republicans regained control of the Senate by a 51-49 margin, these same nominees began to be moved through the committee. [ [http://www.independentjudiciary.org/news/clip.cfm?NewsClipID=109 Broken link] ]

With no other way to block confirmation, the Senate Democrats started to filibuster judicial nominees. On February 12 2003, Miguel Estrada, a nominee for the D.C. Circuit, became the first court of appeals nominee ever to be filibustered. [ [http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/13/senate.estrada/ Democrats begin filibuster against Estrada] from CNN] Later, nine other conservative court of appeals nominees were also filibustered. Eventually, Estrada withdrew his nomination.

The "nuclear option"

As a result of these ten filibusters, Senate Republicans began to threaten to change the existing Senate rules by using what Senator Trent Lott termed the "nuclear option". This change in rules would eliminate the use of the filibuster to prevent judicial confirmation votes. However, with only a two vote majority, the Republicans were in a weak position to implement this procedural maneuver.

Things changed in 2005 due to the 2004 elections. With President Bush winning re-election by a clear margin and the Republicans picking up further Senate seats (55-45), the "nuclear option" became a more viable strategy to ensure confirmation. On May 24, 2005, seven senators of each party, called the Gang of 14, in a deal to avoid the use of the "nuclear option", agreed to drop the filibuster against three of the ten blocked court of appeals nominees: Priscilla Owen, Janice Rogers Brown, and William Pryor. In addition, the senators in the group agreed to block future judicial filibusters except in cases involving "extraordinary circumstances". Despite these agreements, however, some observers have noted that the chances are still high that the Democrats will filibuster if any one of these three controversial nominees is nominated to the Supreme Court.

Although there has been a long history of Supreme Court nominees being rejected, only one Supreme Court nominee has ever been filibustered. In 1968, Chief Justice nominee Abe Fortas was filibustered and withdrew after a short period.

During the summer of 2005, it was assumed that the Democrats would filibuster any Supreme Court nominee who would change the ideological composition of the court. Initially, this conjecture seemed to be born out when conservative jurist John Roberts was renominated to replace conservative Chief Justice Rehnquist. The confirmation process went relatively smoothly with no threat of a filibuster. Later, however, the hypothesis was disproved. When Bush chose another conservative appellate judge, Samuel Alito, to replace moderate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, opponents of Alito could not generate enough votes to prevent cloture from being invoked on his nomination. Very soon afterward, he was successfully confirmed.

Consultations with the U.S. Senate

As the 2004–2005 term of the Supreme Court ended, there was a flurry of rumors that Rehnquist, who was undergoing treatment for thyroid cancer, would soon retire. On June 27, 2005, Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nevada) suggested that the next appointment to the Court should come from outside the judiciary. Reid suggested the appointment of one of four Republican Senators, none of whom possessed previous judicial experience: Mel Martinez of Florida, Mike DeWine of Ohio, Mike Crapo of Idaho and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina. The list did not include the name of Republican Senator John Cornyn of Texas, a former justice on the Texas Supreme Court. Reid declined to address the omission. [ [http://www.rednova.com/news/politics/162310/reid_suggests_republican_lawmakers_for_high_court/ Broken link] ]

Unexpectedly, on July 1, 2005, it was not Rehnquist who announced his retirement, but O'Connor. On July 12, Bush met at the White House with the party leaders and ranking Judiciary Committee members from the two major parties — Republicans Bill Frist and Arlen Specter, and Democrats Reid and Patrick Leahy — to discuss the nomination process. During the meeting, the Democrats offered the President the names of three "moderate" Hispanic federal judges that they could accept: Sonia Sotomayor of the Second Circuit, Edward Prado of the Fifth Circuit, and Ricardo Hinojosa, a district court judge from Texas. Reid later told the press he was disappointed that the President had not chosen to discuss his own choice of possible candidates with the Democrats. In the conservative magazine "National Review", the three candidates suggested by the Democrats were quickly dismissed as being offered in bad faith because they were too liberal for a conservative president to seriously consider. [ [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/lott200507191302.asp Unserious Suggestions] from National Review]

On the same day as the meeting with the President, First Lady Laura Bush announced in an interview during an official visit to Africa a preference for her husband to nominate a woman to O'Connor's seat. Bush was surprised at his wife's public comments on the Supreme Court, but said he would be open to hearing her advice when she returned from her trip.

John Roberts nomination

On the evening of July 19, 2005, Bush announced his first Supreme Court nominee, John G. Roberts, Jr., a highly regarded former Supreme Court litigator and conservative judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. During the day leading up to the announcement, there had been much media speculation that one of either two female judges on the Fifth Circuit would get the nod: moderate Edith Brown Clement or conservative Edith H. Jones [ [http://www.confirmthem.com/?p=865 ConfirmThem.com] ] [ [http://www.sctnomination.com/blog/archives/2005/07/associate_justi_1.html www.sctnomination.com] ] . Clement was considered the frontrunner. About an hour before the televised announcement, however, information was leaked to the press concerning the choice of Roberts. [ [http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/SupremeCourt/wireStory?id=954437 Broken link] from ABCNews.com] [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,163025,00.html Bush Picks Roberts for Supreme Court] from FoxNews.com]

On September 3, 2005, Rehnquist died. Two days later, on the morning of September 5, Bush announced that he would switch Roberts' nomination and instead nominate him for the newly vacant post of Chief Justice of the United States, once again leaving O'Connor's vacancy without a replacement nominee.

Possible O'Connor Replacements

On September 6, Specter encouraged the President to fill O'Connor's position with a woman, saying that the Supreme Court should have a minimum of two female justices. [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/06/AR2005090601728.html Bush Pledges Wide Search for Court Seat] ] On September 9, Laura Bush reiterated her previous wish to also see a female nominee. [ [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N09374711.htm Broken link] ]

On the Thursday before Roberts' confirmation hearing, one of Reid's aides said that the nomination of several candidates said to be on the President's short list to replace O'Connor — conservative appellate Judges J. Michael Luttig, Emilio Garza and Edith Jones — would be unacceptable to the Democrats, implying that any of them would be filibustered. [ [http://www-tech.mit.edu/V125/N37/long4_37.html After Rehnquist’s Death, the Focus Of Democrats Shifts From Roberts] ] Several days later, Specter made it known that he felt that it was too early for Bush to elevate Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to the Supreme Court. [ [http://capitolhillblue.com/artman/publish/article_7371.shtml Specter:Gonzales Not Ready for Supreme Court] ]

Roberts' confirmation hearing for Chief Justice was held from Monday, September 12, to Friday, September 16. During the week of the hearing, there was much talk that Priscilla Owen would be the next nominee, but columnist Robert Novak reported that by Friday, Reid had told Frist that Judge Owen would also be filibustered if chosen. [ [http://www.suntimes.com/output/novak/cst-edt-novak18.html Suntimes.com] ]

On Wednesday, September 21, Bush had another meeting with Senators Frist, Specter, Reid and Leahy to discuss possible Supreme Court nominations. On the day before, Laura Bush mentioned publicly for the third time that she would like to see a female nominee. At the same time, Reid stated that the nomination of any of the previously filibustered appellate nominees would be viewed by the Democrats as "a poke in the eye with a sharp stick". [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/21/AR2005092100227.html Dead link] from WashingtonPost.com] He restated this position during the meeting with the President when he warned against nominating either Brown or Owen. [ [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-09-21-court-vacancy_x.htm Roberts picks up Democratic support in Senate] from USAToday.com] Again, Reid and Leahy offered the names of appeals court Judges Sonia Sotomayor and Ed Prado and district court Judge Ricardo Hinojosa. [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,170110,00.html Judiciary Panel Approves Roberts] from FOXNews.com] Again, Bush did not offer any names of his own to discuss. On Thursday, September 22, Roberts' nomination was voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee by a bipartisan vote of 13-5.

During a press conference on Monday, September 26, Bush implied that his next nominee would be either a woman or a minority. In making his decision concerning O'Connor's replacement, he said he would keep in mind that, "diversity is one of the strengths of the country". [ [http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/26/roberts.ap/index.html Dead link] from CNN] John Roberts was confirmed by the Senate on Thursday, September 29, by a vote of 78-22 and was sworn in both privately and publicly later the same day.

During the evening of Sunday, October 2, John Fund, a columnist for the "Wall Street Journal", announced on the radio show of blogger Matt Drudge that his sources had told him that the nominee would be moderate Hispanic Judge Consuelo M. Callahan of the Ninth Circuit. The website "ConfirmThem.com", [ [http://www.confirmthem.com/?p=1391 ConfirmThem.com] ] however, reported on the same evening that the selection had been made in favor of conservative Fourth Circuit Judge Karen J. Williams. The next morning (on Monday, October 3), President Bush unexpectedly chose little-known White House Counsel Harriet Miers to be O'Connor's replacement on the court.

Harriet Miers nomination

There was immediate and intense opposition to Miers' nomination, primarily from conservative Republicans. Principal complaints included:

* That her credentials under objective standards were not sufficient to qualify her for the position.

* That her nomination was the result of political cronyism. Because her legal career did not compare to those of other possible conservative female candidates (like federal appellate judges Edith Jones, Karen J. Williams, Priscilla Owen, and Janice Rogers Brown), many thought that President Bush probably nominated Miers for her personal loyalty to him rather than for her qualifications.

* That there was no written record to demonstrate that she was either a strict constructionist or originalist in her approach to constitutional interpretation. Some conservatives feared that she would support abortion rights, affirmative action and gay rights if ever confirmed to a seat on the Supreme Court.

On the morning of Thursday, October 27, 2005, President Bush "reluctantly" accepted Miers's request to withdraw her nomination.

amuel Alito nomination

Bush moved quickly to find an alternative nominee to Miers, a nominee who would have both the credentials that Miers lacked and a conservative judicial philosophy that could be documented. On the morning of Monday, October 31, Bush announced the nomination of well-known conservative Judge Samuel A. Alito, Jr., a fifteen year veteran of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.

Alito's confirmation hearing was held from Monday, January 9, 2006, to Friday, January 13. On Tuesday, January 24, his nomination was voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee on a 10-8 party line vote. Debate on the nomination began in the full Senate on Wednesday, January 25. Despite a last minute effort by Democrat Senator John Kerry to filibuster, [ [http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/01/26/alito/ GOP sets up showdown over Alito] from CNN] a cloture vote to end debate passed 72-25 on Monday, January 30. On the morning of Tuesday, January 31, Alito was confirmed to the Supreme Court by a vote of 58-42. He was sworn in privately later that same day. The next day, he was publicly sworn in.

The filibuster revisited

At the end of the 109th Congress, the Gang of 14 deal expired. On November 7, 2006, the Democrats were able to retake control of the 110th Congress. They presently possess a 51-49 majority in the Senate. As the new majority, the Democrats in the Senate can easily block any conservative judicial nominee they wish without resorting to the filibuster. Conservative appellate nominees can be blocked in committee, and conservative nominees to the Supreme Court can be rejected in the full Senate on a party-line vote.

Names frequently mentioned

Following is a list of individuals that have been mentioned in various news accounts as the most likely potential nominees for a Bush appointment:

United States Courts of Appeals

* Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
** Sonia Sotomayor (born 1954) - 18, 23

* Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit
** Samuel A. Alito, Jr. (born 1950) - 2, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 (Nominated and Confirmed)

* Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit
** J. Harvie Wilkinson III (born 1944) - former Chief Judge - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30
** Karen J. Williams (born 1951) - Chief Judge - 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30

* Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit
** Edith Brown Clement (born 1948) - 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 33, 34
** Emilio M. Garza (born 1947) - 4, 8, 9, 14, 15, 23
** Edith H. Jones (born 1949) - Chief Judge - 3, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 30
** Priscilla Owen (born 1954) - 16, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34
** Edward C. Prado (born 1947) - 18

* Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit
** Alice M. Batchelder (born 1944) - 23, 24, 26, 28, 30
** Danny J. Boggs (born 1944) - Chief Judge - 9, 10
** Deborah L. Cook (born 1952) - 23

* Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit
** Frank H. Easterbrook (born 1948) - Chief Judge - 5, 6
** Richard Posner (born 1939) - former Chief Judge - 5, 6
** Diane S. Sykes (born 1957) - 16, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34

* Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
** Consuelo Maria Callahan (born 1950) - 24
** Alex Kozinski (born 1950) - Chief Judge - 6

* Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit
** Michael W. McConnell (born 1955) - 8, 9, 14, 15, 23, 26, 28, 30
** Deanell Reece Tacha (born 1946) - former Chief Judge - 23

* Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit
** William H. Pryor, Jr. (born 1962) - 15

* Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
** Janice Rogers Brown (born 1949) - 3, 4, 14, 16, 19, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34
** Brett M. Kavanaugh (born 1965) - 31
** John G. Roberts, Jr. (born 1955) - 3, 4, 8, 9, 14, 15 (Nominated and Confirmed)

=United States District Courts=

* Cecilia M. Altonaga (born 1962) - Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida - 19
* Ricardo H. Hinojosa (born 1950) - Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas
* Loretta A. Preska (born 1949) - Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York - 34

=State Supreme Courts (current and former)=

* Maura D. Corrigan (born 1948) - Michigan Supreme Court Justice - 19, 28, 30, 33
* Raoul G. Cantero, III (born 1960) - former Florida Supreme Court Justice - 17, 34
* Rebecca Love Kourlis (born 1952) - former Colorado Supreme Court Justice

United States Senators

* John Cornyn (born 1952) - Republican senator from Texas, former Texas Supreme Court Justice - 9, 11, 26, 28
* Orrin Hatch (born 1934) - Republican senator from Utah - 6
* Jon Kyl (born 1942) - Republican senator from Arizona - 4, 9, 26

Executive Branch officials

* Chris Cox (born 1952) - U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman, former California Representative - 28

upreme Court litigators

* Paul Clement (born 1966) - former Solicitor General
* Miguel A. Estrada (born 1961) - withdrawn nominee for the D.C. Circuit, former Assistant Solicitor General - 3, 9, 33
* Peter D. Keisler (born 1960) - current nominee for the D.C. Circuit, former Assistant Attorney General - 31
* Maureen E. Mahoney (born 1955) - former Deputy Solicitor General - 26, 29, 32, 33
* Theodore Olson (born 1940) - former Solicitor General - 3, 4, 9

Other backgrounds

* Viet Dinh (born 1968) - Georgetown University Law Center professor, former Assistant Attorney General - 25
* Mary Ann Glendon (born 1938) - U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See, Harvard Law School professor, former President's Council on Bioethics member - 19
* Alberto R. Gonzales (born 1955) - former Attorney General, former White House Counsel, former Texas Supreme Court Justice - 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 26
* J. Michael Luttig (born 1954) - General Counsel for The Boeing Company, former Fourth Circuit judge - 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, 15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
* Harriet Miers (born 1945) - former White House Counsel (Nomination Withdrawn)
* Larry Thompson (born 1946) - General Counsel for PepsiCo, former Deputy Attorney General - 3, 9, 26

Note that candidates with a higher number for news reports have been mentioned more recently.

References

ee also

*Federal judicial appointment history

External links

* [http://www.scotusblog.com/ The Supreme Court Blog] - includes profiles and analysis of potential nominees
* [http://blogs.washingtonpost.com/campaignforthecourt/ Campaign for the Court: from the Washington Post]
* [http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=880479 Supreme Court Nomination Resource Guide]
* [http://court.thinkprogress.org Think Progress: Supreme Court Edition] - Former Sup Ct. Clerks blog on the nominations
* [http://www.confirmthem.com/resources#note5 List of possible SCOTUS prospects with linked info, from ConfirmThem.com]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1594201013/ Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court] (Jan Crawford Greenburg, 2007)