Prison literature in the United States

Prison writing is literature written by people who are incarcerated. It is a distinct literary phenomenon which is increasingly studied as such by academics. [ [http://cfp.english.upenn.edu/archive/2003-07/0107.html Call for Papers: American Prison Writing] . 2004 National PCA/ACA Conference.]

In the words of Arnold Erickson:

:"Prison has been a fertile setting for artists, musicians, and writers alike. Prisoners have produced hundreds of works that have encompassed a wide range of literature. [...] Books describing the prison experience, including the Autobiography of Malcolm X, inspired an audience far outside the prison walls. The importance of these works have been recognized in this country's highest courts. See Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. New York State Crime Victim's Compensation Board, 502 U.S. 105, 121-122 (1991)(citing works by prisoners)." [ [http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/lawrev.html Review of] H. Bruce Franklin, ed., "Prison Writing in 20th Century America".]

Overview

The emergence of prison writing relied on convicts with the necessary writing skills to tell the story from the inside. Early writings came from prisoners who had already begun to publish before being arrested. Among these early twentieth century writers is Jack London, who in 1894 spent a month in New York State’s Erie County Penitentiary. This transformative experience informed much of his writing.

Early 20th century

Prison writing has often been an act of political resistance. In the first two decades of the 20th century, the prisoners who were published were primarily social activists. Socialist writer Kate Richards O’Hare, spent a year in prison (1919-1920) causing her to dedicate her life to exposing the horrors of prison conditions and the economic structure by which they were supported. Anarchist activists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman also wrote while imprisoned, deepening their philosophical convictions and influencing people worldwide.

One of the most widely-read early accounts of prison life in the twentieth century was "My Life in Prison" (1912), by David Lowrie. The book inspired Thomas Mott Osborne, who later became warden at Sing Sing, to dedicate his career to prison reform. In 1924, after World War I, H.L. Mencken founded the "American Mercury" magazine and regularly published convict authors.

At the onset of the Great Depression, authorities began to perceive prison writing as more of a threat to American society. Manuscripts were potentially profitable subversive tools and therefore all writing was suppressed.

In 1932, Robert E. Burns published his memoir "I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang", which was subsequently made into a movie. As a prison escapee, he wrote to expose the realities of prison slavery. During this time, the entire population felt the effects of poverty, crime and hardship making more people receptive to prison narratives.

Chester Himes began writing after going to prison for armed robbery. He reports: "When I could see the end of my time inside I bought myself a typewriter and taught myself to touch type. I'd been reading stories by Dashiell Hammett in "Black Mask" and I thought I could do them just as well. When my stories finally appeared, the other convicts thought exactly the same thing. There was nothing to it. All you had to do was tell it like it is." [John M. Reilly, ed., "Twentieth Century Crime and Mystery Writers", 1985.]

Another writer to emerge during the 1930’s was Nelson Algren whose short story “El Presidente de Mejico” explored his experience in a Texas jail.

Post-WWII

The Autobiography of Malcolm X, published in 1965, was the first full-length memoir of an African American convict. Co-written by Alex Haley, the book was published the same year that X was assassinated. Its impact cannot be understated in this tumultuous era of American history. Prisoners and ex-prisoners began using the printed word to participate in revolutionary activities. Among those influenced by Malcolm X were Eldridge Cleaver, Iceberg Slim, Piri Thomas and Jack Henry Abbott.

Prison writing’s literary renaissance coincided with social and political unrest of the 1960’s and 1970’s. There was tremendous support for incarcerated writers as they represented an important front of the culture war. Inner city riots and prison riots exemplified the volatile emotional state of the entire population. The 1971 escape attempt by a San Quentin inmate and author, George Jackson (Soledad Brother), ended in bloodshed. Another activist author, Angela Davis, was implicated in the event because a gun was used that was registered in her name. Jackson’s shooting lead to a mass hunger strike at New York’s Attica Prison. The strike eventually lead to a prisoner uprising and a subsequent police assault leaving 128 wounded and 39 dead, 10 of them hostages.

By the late 1970’s prison writing was being published extensively in “mass-market paperbacks, newspapers, magazines, major motion pictures.” [Franklin, 1998, p.14.] In the 1980’s and 1990’s, however, there was something of a backlash. New York State led the legislative attack against prison writing. In 1977, the “Son of Sam” law made it illegal for convict authors to collect money from the writings. “Although ostensibly designed to ‘protect the victim’ and to keep criminals from profiting from their crimes, the real purpose of these laws was identical to the purpose of the repression of prison literature in the 1930s: to keep the American people in the dark about the American prison.” [Franklin, 1998, p. 14.]

According to Bell Gale Chevigny (1999), prison writing began to go out of fashion in the 1980’s. One event triggering this reaction was the 1981 publication of the letters that Jack Henry Abbott wrote from prison to Norman Mailer. This enormously popular publication, entitled "In the Belly of the Beast", documented the rage Abbott had cultivated in his years of incarceration. Within a month of his release from prison, Abbott murdered a man during a fight.

One of the only institutions that still continues to support prison writing is the PEN American Center.

PEN American Center Prison Writing Program

PEN American Center (Poets, Playwrights, Essayists, Editors and Novelists) is a national chapter of an international association of writers working towards peace. [ [http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/152 PEN American Center - Prison Writing ] ] The Center established its Prison Writing Program in 1971, when PEN president Tom Fleming began lobbying for educational opportunities for prisoners. These efforts resulted in reduced censorship, better access to typewriters, classes and improved prison libraries.

In 1973, PEN began its annual prison writing contest. Though it had some very difficult years in the 1980’s, the contest has taken place every year since its inception. The Prison Writing Program continues to provide mentoring opportunities and to publish information concerning prison writing, as well as anthologizing contest winners.

Sources

*Chevigny, B. G. (Ed.) (1999). "Doing time: 25 years of prison writing". New York: Arcade.
*Franklin, H. B. (Ed.) (1998). "Prison writing in twentieth century America". New York: Penguin.

Further reading

Works about life in prison

*Abu-Jamal, M. (1995). "Live from death row". Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
*Baldwin, J. (1974). "If Beale Street could talk". New York: Dial.
*Davis, A. (1974). "Autobiography". New York: Random House.
*Jones, G. (1976). "Eva's man". New York: Random House.
*King, M. L. (1963). [http://www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/peace/MLK-jail.html “Letters from Birmingham jail”] . Retrieved *April 25, 2007.
*Knight, E. (1968). "Poems from prison". Detroit: Broadside.
*Fanon, F. (1963). "Wretched of the Earth". (C. Farrington, Trans.). New York: Grove.
*Foucault, M. (1977). "Discipline and Punish". (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Pantheon.
*Peltier, L. (1999). "Prison writings: my life is my sundance". New York: St. Martins.
*Pinero, M. (1975). "Short eyes". New York: Hill and Wang.
*Wright, R. (1940). "Native son". New York: Harper.

International anthologies of prison writing

*Ball, D. (1977). "The Experience of prison: an anthology of prose, drama, verse, and picture". London: Longman.
*Basset, E. (Ed.) (1978). "Each in his prison: an anthology". London: S.P.C.K.
*Bould, G. (Ed.) (2005). "Conscience be my guide: an anthology of prison writings". New York: Zed Books.
*Scheffler, J. A. (Ed.) (1986). "Wall tappings: an anthology of writings by women prisoners". Boston: Northeastern University.
*Trupin, J. E. (Ed.) (1975) "In prison: writings and poems about the prison experience". New York: New American Library.

Literary criticism of prison writing

*Israel, Michael (1983). 'Jack Henry Abbott, American Prison Writing, and the Experience of Punishment', "Criminal Justice and Behavior" 10:4, pp. 441-460.
*Platt, A. M. (1999). 'Prison Writing in 20th-Century America', "Social Justice" 26.

External links

* [http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/152 PEN America Center] Prison Writing Program
* [www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c4/63/80/PrisonWriting07-08.doc Course outline] on European prison writing