Lasker–Noether theorem

Lasker–Noether theorem

In mathematics, the Lasker–Noether theorem states that every Noetherian ring is a Lasker ring, which means that every ideal can be written as an intersection of finitely many primary ideals (which are related to, but not quite the same as, powers of prime ideals). The theorem was first proven by Emanuel Lasker (1905) for the special case of polynomial rings and convergent power series rings, and was proven in its full generality by Emmy Noether (1921).

The Lasker–Noether theorem is an extension of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, and more generally the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups to all Noetherian rings.

It has a straightforward extension to modules stating that every submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is a finite intersection of primary submodules. This contains the case for rings as a special case, considering the ring as a module over itself, so that ideals are submodules. This also generalizes the primary decomposition form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, and for the special case of polynomial rings over a field, it generalizes the decomposition of an algebraic set into a finite union of (irreducible) varieties.

The first algorithm for computing primary decompositions for polynomial rings was published by Noether's student Grete Hermann (1926).

Contents

Definitions

Write R for a commutative ring, and M and N for modules over it.

  • A zero divisor of a module M is an element x of R such that xm = 0 for some non-zero m in M.
  • An element x of R is called nilpotent in M if xnM = 0 for some positive integer n.
  • A module is called coprimary if every zero divisor of M is nilpotent in M. For example, groups of prime power order and free abelian groups are coprimary modules over the ring of integers.
  • A submodule M of a module N is called a primary submodule if N/M is coprimary.
  • An ideal I is called primary if it is a primary submodule of R. This is equivalent to saying that if ab is in I then either a is in I or bn is in I for some n, and to the condition that every zero-divisor of the ring R/I is nilpotent.
  • A submodule M of a module N is called irreducible if it is not an intersection of two strictly larger submodules.
  • An associated prime of a module M is a prime ideal that is the annihilator of some element of M.

Statement

The Lasker–Noether theorem for modules states every submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is a finite intersection of primary submodules. For the special case of ideals it states that every ideal of a Noetherian ring is a finite intersection of primary ideals.

An equivalent statement is: every finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is contained in a finite product of coprimary modules.

The Lasker–Noether theorem follows immediately from the following three facts:

  • Any submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is an intersection of a finite number of irreducible submodules.
  • If M is an irreducible submodule of a finitely generated module N over a Noetherian ring then N/M has only one associated prime ideal.
  • A finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is coprimary if and only if it has at most one associated prime.

Irreducible decomposition in rings

The study of the decomposition of ideals in rings began as a remedy for the lack of unique factorization in number fields like

\mathbb Z[\sqrt{-5}],

in which

6 = 2 \cdot 3 = (1 + \sqrt{-5})(1 - \sqrt{-5}).

If a number does not factor uniquely into primes, then the ideal generated by the number may still factor into the intersection of powers of prime ideals. Failing that, an ideal may at least factor into the intersection of primary ideals.

Let R be a Noetherian ring, and I an ideal in R. Then I has an irredundant primary decomposition into primary ideals.

I = Q_1 \cap \cdots \cap Q_n\

Irredundancy means:

  • Removing any of the Qi changes the intersection, i.e.,
Q_1 \cap \dots \cap \widehat{Q_i} \cap \dots \cap Q_n \nsupseteq Q_i

for all i, where the hat denotes omission.

  • The associated prime ideals \sqrt{Q_i} are distinct.

More over, this decomposition is unique in the following sense: the set of associated prime ideals is unique, and the primary ideal above every minimal prime in this set is also unique. However, primary ideals which are associated with non-minimal prime ideals are in general not unique.

In the case of the ring of integers \mathbb Z, the Lasker–Noether theorem is equivalent to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. If an integer n has prime factorization n = \pm p_1^{d_1} \cdots p_r^{d_r}, then the primary decomposition of the ideal generated by (n) \subset \mathbb Z, is

(n) = (p_1^{n_1}) \cap \cdots \cap (p_r^{d_r}).\

Minimal decompositions and uniqueness

In this section, all modules will be finitely generated over a Noetherian ring R.

A primary decomposition of a submodule M of a module N is called minimal if it has the smallest possible number of primary modules. For minimal decompositions, the primes of the primary modules are uniquely determined: they are the associated primes of N/M. Moreover the primary submodules associated to the minimal or isolated associated primes (those not containing any other associated primes) are also unique. However the primary submodules associated to the non-minimal associated primes (called embedded primes for geometric reasons) need not be unique.

Example: Let N = R = k[xy] for some field k, and let M be the ideal (xyy2). Then M has two different minimal primary decompositions M = (y) ∩ (x, y2) = (y) ∩ (x + yy2). The minimal prime is (y) and the embedded prime is (xy).

When the conclusion does not hold

The decomposition does not hold in general for non-commutative Noetherian rings. Noether gave an example of a non-commutative Noetherian ring with a right ideal that is not an intersection of primary ideals.

Additive theory of ideals

This result is the first in an area now known as the additive theory of ideals, which studies the ways of representing an ideal as the intersection of a special class of ideals. The decision on the "special class", e.g., primary ideals, is a problem in itself. In the case of non-commutative rings, the class of tertiary ideals is a useful substitute for the class of primary ideals.

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Noether — Emmy Noether Emmy Noether Amalie Emmy Noether (23 mars 1882 14 avril 1935) était une mathématicienne allemande connue pour ses contributions révolutionnaires en algèbre abstraite et physique théorique. Décrite par Albert Einstein et d autres… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Emmy Noether — Amalie Emmy Noether Born 23 March 1882(1882 03 23) …   Wikipedia

  • Emmy Noether — Amalie Emmy Noether Nacimiento 23 de marzo de 1882 Erlangen, Baviera, Alemania Fallecimiento …   Wikipedia Español

  • Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain — In mathematics, in the field of abstract algebra, the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain is a generalization of the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups and roughly states that… …   Wikipedia

  • Emmy Noether — Portrait de Emmy Noether avant 1910. Naissance 23 mars 1882 Erlangen (Bavière, Allemagne) Décès 14 avril  …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Emanuel Lasker — Infobox chess player playername = Emanuel Lasker birthname = Emanuel Lasker country = GER datebirth = December 24, 1868 placebirth = Berlinchen, Prussia (now Barlinek, Poland) datedeath = January 11, 1941 (aged 72) placedeath = New York City,… …   Wikipedia

  • Noetherian ring — In mathematics, more specifically in the area of modern algebra known as ring theory, a Noetherian ring, named after Emmy Noether, is a ring in which every non empty set of ideals has a maximal element. Equivalently, a ring is Noetherian if it… …   Wikipedia

  • Liste de théorèmes — par ordre alphabétique. Pour l établissement de l ordre alphabétique, il a été convenu ce qui suit : Si le nom du théorème comprend des noms de mathématiciens ou de physiciens, on se base sur le premier nom propre cité. Si le nom du théorème …   Wikipédia en Français

  • List of theorems — This is a list of theorems, by Wikipedia page. See also *list of fundamental theorems *list of lemmas *list of conjectures *list of inequalities *list of mathematical proofs *list of misnamed theorems *Existence theorem *Classification of finite… …   Wikipedia

  • Heidelberg University Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science — Infobox University Faculty name = Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science native name = Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik established = 2002 dean = Prof. Dr. R. Rannacher staff = 27 students = 1100 website = http://www.math.uni… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”