El Al Flight 402

Infobox Airliner accident|name=El Al Flight 402
Crash
L-049 Constellation similar to Flight 402
Date=July 27 1955
Type=Shot down
Site=North of Petrich, Bulgaria
Fatalities=58
Aircraft Type=Lockheed L-049 Constellation
Operator=El Al
Tail Number=4X-AKC
Passengers=51
Crew=7
Survivors=0

El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation pressurized four-engine propliner, registered 4X-AKC, was an international passenger flight from Vienna, Austria to Tel Aviv, Israel via Istanbul, Turkey, on July 27, 1955, which strayed into Bulgarian airspace and was shot down by two Bulgarian MiG-15 jet fighters and crashed near Petrich, Bulgaria. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner were killed.cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19550727-0|title=ASN record] cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807400,00.html|publisher=Time Magazine|date=August 8, 1955|title=Through the Curtain]

Flight history

The Constellation originated its scheduled weekly flight from London, England, and departed Vienna's Wien-Schwechat International Airport (VIE) at 02:53, bound to Tel Aviv's Lod Airport (since renamed to Ben Gurion International Airport) via Istanbul. Using NDB navigation, with thunderstorm activity in the area, [Electrical disturbances from lightning are known to cause errors in NDB navigational signals. [http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/ADF.htm] ] the crew believed they were over the Skopje radio beacon, and turned to an outbound course of 142 degrees. Flying at FL180 (an altitude of approximately 18,000 feet above mean sea level), the aircraft inadvertently strayed off the Amber 10 airway into Bulgarian territory, where it was intercepted and strafed by two Bulgarian MiG-15 "Fagot" jet fighters. The airliner descended, breaking apart at 2,000 feet, and crashing in flames north of the town of Petrich, Bulgaria, near the Yugoslav and Greek borders, killing the 7 crew and 51 passengers on board.

Investigation

The accident was investigated and the following probable cause statement was issued:

The aircraft sustained a hit or hits which caused loss of pressurization and a fire in the heater compartment. The aircraft broke up in mid-air due to explosion caused by bullets hitting the right wing and probably the left wing together with a projectile or projectiles of large calibre in the rear end of the fuselage.

As a followup/safety action, it was recommended that more VOR stations be used on airway Amber 10, instead of just one at the time of the accident.

Aftermath

Although the Bulgarian government at first refused to accept responsibility, blaming the Israeli airliner for penetrating its airspace without authorization, it eventually issued a formal apology, stating that the fighter pilots had been "too hasty" in shooting down the airliner, and agreed to pay compensation to the victims' families. [cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926171,00.html?promoid=googlep|title=The Worst, but Not the First|date=September 12, 1983|publisher=Time/CNN]

ee also

*List of notable accidents and incidents on commercial aircraft
*List of airliner shootdown incidents
*Korean Air Lines Flight 007
*Korean Air Lines Flight 902
*Nir Hen, an Israeli moshav named to commemorate the victims

Notes

External links

* [http://www.ivanminekov.com/elal_news.html Ivan Minekov El Al flight 402 memorial sculpture]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~anneled/ColdWar.html Intrusions, Overflights and Shootdowns During the Cold War and Thereafter]
* [http://jpgleize.club.fr/aces/cldpwa.htm Cold War and interceptions over Central Europe]
* [http://library.lawschool.cornell.edu/cijwww/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/iibsummary590526.htm International Court of Justice rejection of jurisdiction]
* [http://www.abpic.co.uk/images/images/1002722F.jpgEl Al L-149 serial number 4X-AKA, similar to 4X-AKC]