Ceratobasidium cornigerum

Ceratobasidium cornigerum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Cantharellales
Family:	Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus:	Ceratobasidium
Species:	C. cornigerum
Binomial name
Ceratobasidium cornigerum (Bourdot) D.P. Rogers
Synonyms
Hypochnopsis ochroleuca F. Noack (1898) Hypochnus ochroleuca (F. Noack) F. Noack (1902) Corticium gramineum Ikata & T. Matsuura (1910) sensu auct. Corticium ochroleucum (F. Noack) Peltier (1915) (illegitimate name, non C. ochroleucum (Fr.) Fr.,1838) Corticium stevensii Burt (1918) Rhizoctonia goodyerae-repentis Costantin & L.M. Dufour (1920) sensu auct. Corticium cornigerum Bourdot (1922) Corticium pervagum Petch (1925) Corticium invisum Petch (1925) Rhizoctonia ramicola W.A. Weber & D.A. Roberts (1951)(anamorph) Rhizoctonia endophytica H.K. Saksena & Vaartaja (1960) (invalid name)[1] Rhizoctonia candida W. Yamam. (1962) sensu auct. (invalid name)[1] Rhizoctonia fragariae S.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen (1963) (invalid name)[1] Ceratobasidium ramicola C.C. Tu, Roberts & Kimbr. (1969) Ceratobasidium stevensii (Burt) Venkatar (1973) (invalid name)[2] Rhizoctonia cerealis E.P. Hoeven (1977) (invalid name)[1] Ceratobasidium fragariae Kohmoto, N. Maek., Ogihara & S. Nishim. (1981) (invalid name)[2] Ceratobasidium cereale D.I. Murray & Burpee (1984) Ceratobasidium gramineum (Ikata & T. Matsuura) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki (1986) sensu auct. Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis (Costantin & L.M. Dufour) R.T. Moore (1987) sensu auct. Ceratorhiza fragariae (S.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen) R.T. Moore (1987) (invalid name)[1] Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (F. Noack) Ginns & M.N.L. Lefebvre (1993) Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae H.C. Evans, R.W. Barreto & C.A. Ellison (1995)

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, spread on the substrate out like a film (effused) and web-like. A Rhizoctonia-like anamorphic state, sometimes referred to the genus Ceratorhiza, is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured. Ceratobasidium cornigerum is saprotrophic, but is also a facultative plant pathogen, causing a number of economically important crop diseases, and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate. The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa.

Taxonomy

Corticium cornigerum was first described in 1922 by mycologist Hubert Bourdot, who found it growing in France on dead stems of Jerusalem artichoke. It was subsequently transferred to the genus Ceratobasidium by American mycologist Donald P. Rogers in 1935.^[3]

Anastomosis groups (AGs)

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is one of several species whose anamorphic states are sometimes referred to as "binucleate rhizoctonias". These binucleate rhizoctonias have been divided into genetically distinct "anastomosis groups" (AGs) based initially on hyphal anastomosis tests,^[4][5] subsequently supported by analyses of DNA sequences.^[6] At least six of these AGs (AG-A, AG-B(o), AG-C, AG-D, AG-P, and AG-Q) have been linked to Ceratobasidium cornigerum,^[2][7] which may therefore be considered as a variable species (comprising at least six genetically distinct populations) or as a complex of morphologically similar species. In the latter case, it is not clear which of these AGs (if any) should take the original name C. cornigerum.^[2]

Synonyms or associated species

The following taxa belong in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex and have been treated as synonyms or as closely related but independent species:

• Ceratobasidium ramicola = AG-A (also includes several invalidly published, anamorph names including Rhizoctonia candida, R. endophytica, and R. fragariae).^[1] This group contains a range of crop pathogens and orchid associates.^[2][7]

• Ceratobasidium cereale = AG-D (also includes the dubious name Ceratobasidium gramineum).^[8] This group contains cereal and grass pathogens.^[2][7]

• Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (= Corticium stevensii), Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae, Corticium pervagum, Corticium invisum, and AG-P are all tropical or subtropical, web-blight pathogens.^[2]

Description

The basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused, thin, and whitish. Microscopically they have colourless hyphae, 3 to 9 μm wide, without clamp connections. The basidia are ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped, 9 to 14 by 8 to 12 μm, bearing four sterigmata. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and broadly fusiform (spindle-shaped), measuring 6 to 11 by 4 to 6 μm. Pale brown sclerotia are sometimes produced, measuring 0.5 to 3 mm across.^[2]

Habitat and distribution

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is probably cosmopolitan and has been reported from Asia, Australia, Europe, North & South America. It occurs as a soil saprotroph, producing basidiocarps on dead stems and fallen litter, but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing disease of crops and turf grass. It can also grow as a "web blight" pathogen on living leaves of trees and shrubs, particularly in the tropics and subtropics.^[2] It is one of the commonest endomycorrhizal associates of terrestrial orchids.^[9]

Economic importance

Under various names, fungi in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops.

The AG-A group (Ceratobasidium ramicola) causes various diseases, including "strawberry black root rot",^[10][11] diseases of soya bean, pea, and pak choy,^[12] and "silky threadblight" of Pittosporum and other shrubs.^[13]

The AG-D group (Ceratobasidium cereale) causes "sharp eyespot" of cereals^[8][14] and "yellow patch" in turf grass.^[14][15]

Corticium invisum was described as the causal agent of "black rot" of tea in Sri Lanka, whilst Corticium pervagum causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa.^[16] Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (Corticium stevensii) was described causing a blight of apple and quince trees in Brazil,^[17] but the name is of uncertain application because of confusion with Ceratobasidium noxium.^[2]

Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae was described from Brazil as the causal agent of a web blight of the invasive shrub Lantana camara, suggesting it has potential as a biocontrol agent.^[18]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Andersen TF, Stalpers JA. (1994). "A checklist of Rhizoctonia epithets". Mycotaxon 51: 437–457. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0051/0437.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 239. ISBN 1900347695. 
3. ^ Rogers DP. (1935). "Notes on the lower basidiomycetes". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 17 (1): 1–43. 
4. ^ Ogoshi A, Oniki M, Sakai R, Ui T. (1979). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 20: 33–39. 
5. ^ Burpee LL, Sanders PL, Cole H, Sherwood RT. (1980). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of Ceratobasidium cornigerum and related fungi". Mycologia 72 (4): 689–701. doi:10.2307/3759762. JSTOR 3759762. 
6. ^ González D, Carling DE, Kuninaga S, Vilgalys R, Cubeta MA. (2001). "Ribosomal DNA systematics of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus with Rhizoctonia anamorphs" (PDF). Mycologia 93 (6): 1138–1150. doi:10.2307/3761674. JSTOR 3761674. http://www.filogenetica.org/dolores_pdfs/mycologia2001.pdf. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} González García V, Portal Onco MA, Rubio Susan V. (2006). "Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 4: 55–79. http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/pub/GONZALEZ-PORTAL-RUBIO_1141287571531.pdf. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Murray DIL, Burpee LL. (1984). "Ceratobasidium cereale sp.nov., the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia cerealis". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82: 170–172. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2. 
9. ^ Gerfried Deutsch. "Mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids". Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Institute of Botany. http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/~deutschg/mykorrhiza.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
10. ^ LaMondia JA. (2004). "Strawberry Black Root Rot" (PDF). Advances in Strawberry Research 23: 1–10. http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/Berries/genipmpdf/Strawberry%20Black%20Root%20Rot%20Article.pdf. 
11. ^ Martin FN. (2000). "Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California" (PDF). Phytopathology 90 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.345.pdf. PMID 18944583. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.345.pdf. 
12. ^ Yang GH, Chen HR, Naito S, Ogoshi A, Deng YL. (2005). "First report of AG-A of binucleate Rhizoctonia in China, pathogenic to soya bean, pea, snap bean and pak choy". Journal of Phytopathology 153 (6): 333–336. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00980.x. 
13. ^ Martinez AP. (1967). "Silky threadblight of Pittosporum" (PDF). Plant Pathology Circular (Florida) 60: 1–2. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/pathology/pathcirc/pp60.pdf. 
14. ^ ^{a b} "Rhizoctonia cerealis". Crop Compendium. Bayer CropScience. http://compendium.bayercropscience.com/BAYER/CropScience/CropCompendium/BCSCropComp.nsf/id/Rhizoctonia_cerealis.htm?open&ccm=200020. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
15. ^ Corwin B, Tisserat N, Fresenberg B. (June 2007). "Identification and Management of Turfgrass Diseases: Yellow patch". IPM Manuals. University of Missouri Extension, Plant Protection Program. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=IPM1029-22. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
16. ^ Petch T. (1925). "Additions to Ceylon fungi III". Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya 9: 313–328. 
17. ^ Stevens FL, Hall JG. (1909). "Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits". Annali Mycologici 7: 49–59. 
18. ^ Barreto RW, Evans HC, Ellison CA. (1995). "The mycobiota of the weed Lantana camara in Brazil, with particular reference to biological control". Mycological Research 99 (7): 769–782. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80725-9. 

External links

• Ceratobasidium cornigerum in Index Fungorum.
• USDA ARS Fungal Database