Koreans in Germany

Koreans in Germany

Total population
31,248 (2009)[1]
Languages
Korean, German
Religion
Buddhism,[2] Christianity[3]
Related ethnic groups
Koreans

Koreans in Germany numbered 31,248 individuals as of 2009^[update], according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Though they are now only the 14th-largest Korean diaspora community worldwide, they remain the second-largest in Western Europe, behind the rapidly-growing community of Koreans in the United Kingdom.^[1]

History

South Koreans

Some students, nurses, and industrial trainees from South Korea had already been in West Germany in the late 1950s.^[4] However, mass migration did not begin until the 1960s, when West Germany invited nurses and miners from South Korea to come as Gastarbeiter; their recruitment of labourers specifically from South Korea was driven not just by economic necessity, but also by a desire to demonstrate support for a country that, like Germany, had been divided by ideology.^[5] The first group of miners arrived on 16 December 1963, under a programme paid for largely by the South Korean government; German enterprises were not responsible for travel costs, but only for wages and language training. They had high levels of education compared with other Gastarbeiter of the same era; over 60% had completed high school or tertiary education. Nurses began arriving in large numbers in 1966.^[4] Koreans were one of the few non-European groups recruited; West German migration policy generally excluded workers of African and Asian origin during the 1950s through 1970s.^[6] After living in Germany, some Koreans migrated onwards to the United States under the relaxed entrance standards of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.^[7] Though the South Korean workers came on limited-term contracts and most initially planned to return home, in the end, half of workers enlisted ended up remaining in Germany. Throughout the 1970s, they staged protests demanding the right to stay, citing their contributions to the economy and health care system; in the end, the West German government refrained from expelling those whose work contracts had expired, instead letting them move on to other work.^[4][6]

North and South Korea vied for influence among the Korean community in West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s; North Korea sent operatives to West Germany disguised as professors in order to recruit among the Korean community there.^[8] In 1967, South Korea forcibly extradited, without the consent of the West German government, a number of Koreans suspected of spying for the North, the most famous of whom was composer and German citizen Isang Yun. They were tortured to extract false confessions, and six were sentenced to death. West Germany expelled three South Korean diplomats in the aftermath of the incident, and seriously considered breaking off diplomatic relations with South Korea. However, they decided against it as the South's attention shifted to the assassination attempt on Park Chung-hee and the USS Pueblo incident, and instead worked quietly to ensure the release of those who had been kidnapped.^[9]

North Koreans

1953: North Korean guest students arrive in East-Berlin

There was also a Korean presence in East Germany, though it was much smaller. During the post-Korean War reconstruction period of North Korea from 1953 to 1962, many North Korean students enrolled in universities and colleges in the Soviet bloc, and others came as industrial trainees.^[10] In 1955, their numbers in East Germany were estimated at 334 students, 302 industrial trainees, and 298 orphans. However, as the Sino-Soviet split worsened, the North Korean government ordered nearly all of their overseas nationals to return home, and by 1962, few North Koreans were left in Germany. Even those who married locals obeyed the recall order and left their spouses behind; in one case, an East German woman was able to confirm that her North Korean husband was still alive after more than four decades without contact, but others have never seen or heard any information about their spouses since.^[11][12] In the 1980s, relations between North Korea and East Germany improved again, and about 1,500 North Korean students came to East Germany.^[13] Even after the German reunification, the Pyongyang government continued to send some students to Germany for technical training; the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in March 2001, and Germans working in North Korea have reported meeting German-speaking engineers and technicians.^[14] In 2009, North Korean scientists and engineers were denied renewal of their stay permits in Germany, even in cases where their scholarships were renewed. This was not reported in the press.^{[citation needed]}

Return migration

Some Koreans settled in Germany have begun returning to South Korea after retirement, bringing German spouses with them; this return migration has resulted in the creation of a "German Village" in South Gyeongsang's Namhae County.^[15]

Education

Over 70% of second-generation Korean descendants in Germany hold at least an Abitur or higher educational qualification, more than twice the ratio for the rest of the population (see also: Academic achievement among different groups in Germany).^[4] Outside of the regular educational system, Koreans in Germany are also served by 37 weekend Korean-language schools, the earliest of which, the Köln Koreans' School, was established on 10 April 1973. Further schools were founded in Aachen, Hamburg, Rüsselsheim, Düsseldorf, Neunkirchen, Bickenbach^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Bochum, Hannover, Kamp-Lintfort, Krefeld, Dortmund, Germering and Hamminkeln in the 1970s, Essen, Berlin, Dudweiler, Kassel, Marl, Leverkusen, Oberhausen, Göttingen, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Bremen, Karlsruhe, Wuppertal, Augsburg, Heidelberg, Herzogenaurach, and Osnabrück in the 1980s, and Münster, Wolfsburg, Kiel, Freiburg, Siegen, and Rimpar in the 1990s. As of 2007, total enrollment in all Korean schools across Germany was 1,748 students.^[16]

Notable people

• Cha Bum-Kun, famous football player in Bundesliga, known as Tscha Bum ("Cha Boom")
• Unsuk Chin, composer^[17]
• Ji-In Cho, lead singer for German heavy metal band Krypteria
• Simone Hauswald, Eurasian biathlete
• Martin Hyun, hockey player^[18]
• National Security Act^[22]
• Isang Yun, composer and former political prisoner^[9]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} 재외동포현황/Current Status of Overseas Compatriots. South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2009. http://www.mofat.go.kr/consul/overseascitizen/compatriotcondition/index6.jsp?TabMenu=TabMenu6. Retrieved 2009-05-21 
2. ^ "Korean Buddhist organisations in Germany". World Buddhist Directory (Buddha Dharma Education Association). 2006. http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/search.php?keyword=korean&prev_keyword%5B%5D=korea&newsearch=new&country_id=67&province_id=0. Retrieved 2008-10-12 
3. ^ Cyrus, Norbert (March 2005). Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Germany. Building Europe with New Citizens? An Inquiry into the Civic Participation of Naturalised Citizens and Foreign Residents in 25 Countries. European Commission. http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Germany.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-09 ; cites Yoo 1996, listed below
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Choi, Sun-Ju; Lee, You-Jae (January 2006) (in German) (PDF). Umgekehrte Entwicklungshilfe - Die koreanische Arbeitsmigration in Deutschland (Reverse Development Assistance - Korean labour migration in Germany). Seoul: Goethe Institute. http://www.goethe.de/ins/kr/seo/pro/redigiert.pdf 
5. ^ Creutzenberg, Jan (2007-05-22). "Two Stories of Exploitation and Integration: Double lecture on Korean and Vietnamese work migration in Germany". OhmyNews. http://english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?menu=A11100&no=362707&rel_no=1&back_url=. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Schönwälder, Karen (March 2003). "Why Germany's guestworkers were largely Europeans: The selective principles of post-war labour recruitment policy". Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (2): 248–265. doi:10.1080/0141987042000177324. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713699149~db=all. 
7. ^ Kang, Tai S. (March 1990). "An ethnography of Koreans in Queens, New York, and elsewhere in the United States". Ethnographic Exploratory Research Report #8. Center for Survey Methods Research, Bureau of the Census. http://www.census.gov/srd/papers/pdf/ex90-08.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
8. ^ Kim, Chang-hui (1997). "동백림사건요？ 코미디였지요". Donga Ilbo. http://www.donga.com/fbin/news_plus?d=news90&f=np090ff040.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Gil, Yun-hyeong (2004-10-30). "독일, 당시 국교단절 검토: 67년 윤이상씨등 서울로 납치 '동백림사건' 항의 (Germany considered breaking off relations at the time: Protests over the 1967 "East Berlin incident" kidnapping of Isang Yun and others)". The Hankyoreh. http://www.hani.co.kr/section-005000000/2004/10/005000000200410291814225.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
10. ^ Armstrong, Charles K. (May 2005). "Fraternal Socialism: The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–62". Cold War History 5 (2): 161–187. doi:10.1080/1462740500061160. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cwh/2005/00000005/00000002/art00002?crawler=true. 
11. ^ Frank, Rüdiger (December 1996) (in German). Die DDR und Nordkorea. Der Wiederaufbau der Stadt Hamhŭng von 1954–1962. Aachen: Shaker. ISBN 3826554728. 
12. ^ Ryu, Kwon-ha (2007-02-13). "North Korean husband of German woman is alive". JoongAng Ilbo. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2872382. Retrieved 2007-05-31. 
13. ^ Green, Chris (2011-05-31). "An Anti-Reform Marriage of Convenience". Daily NK. http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk02500&num=7754. Retrieved 2011-06-04. 
14. ^ Pak, Sung-jo (2001-03-11). "Germany Gets Maximum Concessions from NK". Chosun Ilbo. http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200103/200103110153.html. Retrieved 2007-05-31. ^{[dead link]}
15. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2005-08-09). "In a Corner of South Korea, a Taste of German Living". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/09/international/asia/09korea.html?ex=1281240000&en=34eff97d65494495&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
16. ^ "Overseas Korean Educational Institutions: Germany". National Institute for International Education Development, Republic of Korea. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930200903/http://www.interedu.go.kr/edu_net/overseas/sch_informal.htm?page=1&key=&optSearch=country&txtSearch=&selCo=29. Retrieved 2007-05-31. 
17. ^ Whitall, Arnold (Spring 2000). "Unsuk Chin in focus: Meditations and mechanics". Musical Times (The Musical Times, Vol. 141, No. 1870) 141 (1870): 21–32. doi:10.2307/1004366. JSTOR 1004366. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3870/is_200004/ai_n8891711. 
18. ^ Meltzer, Bill (2006-07-14). "A hockey life on three continents". NHL.com. http://www.nhl.com/features/pond/hyun071406.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30. ^{[dead link]}
19. ^ Ghost of the Berlin Wall Reappears
20. ^ 실향민 2세 이은숙씨 베를린 장벽서 설치미술
21. ^ Harden, Blaine (2010-02-22). "A family and a conscience, destroyed by North Korea's cruelty". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/21/AR2010022103690.html?sid=ST2010022103942. Retrieved 2010-02-25 
22. ^ Kajimura, Tai'ichiro (2004-12-10). "Democracy and National Security in South Korea: The Song Du Yol Affair". Japan Focus. ISSN 1557-4660. http://japanfocus.org/products/details/1585. Retrieved 2007-07-13. 

Further reading

• Kim, Hae-soon (1997). "Koreans in Germany: the Story of Kwang-Chung Kim". Occasional Papers of the Korean American Historical Society 3: 33–48. ISSN 1088-1964 ISSN 1088-1964. http://www.kahs.org/journal.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30. 
• Yoo, Jung-Sook (1996). Koreanische Immigranten in Deutschland: Interessensvertretung und Selbsorganisation. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač. ISBN 3-86064-502-1. 

External links

• Hangaram Magazine