Douglas Skystreak

The United States Douglas Skystreak (D-558-1 or D-558-I) was a single-engine jet research aircraft of the 1940s. It was designed in 1945 by the Douglas Aircraft Company for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, in conjunction with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The Skystreaks were turbojet powered aircraft that took off from the ground under their own power and had unswept flying surfaces.

Development

The D558 program was conceived as a joint NACA/U.S. Navy research program for transonic and supersonic flight. As originally envisioned, there would be three phases to the D558 program: a jet powered airplane, a mixed rocket/jet powered configuration, and a design and mockup of a combat aircraftcite book
last = Francillon
first = René J.
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I
publisher = Naval Institute Press
date = 1988
location = Annapolis, MD
url =
doi =
isbn = 0-87021-428-4
id = ] . A contract for design and construction of six D558-1 aircraft for the first phase was issued on June 22 1945. The original plan had been for six aircraft with a mixture of nose and side inlets and varying wing airfoil sections. That plan was quickly reduced to three aircraft of a single configuration with a nose inlet. Plans for the second phase with mixed rocket/jet propulsion were also dropped. Instead, a new aircraft, the D558-2, was designed with mixed rocket and jet propulsion for supersonic flight.

Construction of the first 558-1 began in 1946 and was completed in January 1947. The fuselage used magnesium alloys extensively, while the wings were fabricated from more conventional aluminum alloys. The airframe was designed to withstand unusually high loads of up to 18 times gravity due to the uncertainties of transonic flight. The forward fuselage was designed so that it, including the cockpit, could be jettisoned from the aircraft in an emergency. The aircraft was configured to carry more than 500 lb of test equipment, including sensors (primarily strain gauges and accelerometers) in 400 locations throughout the aircraft. One wing was pierced by 400 small holes to enable aerodynamic pressure data to be collectedcite book
last = Heinemann
first = Edward H.
authorlink =
coauthors = Rosario Rausa
title = Ed Heinemann: Combat Aircraft Designer
publisher = Naval Institute Press
date = 1980
location = Annapolis, MD
url =
doi =
isbn = 0-87021-797-6
id = ] .

The Skystreaks were powered by one Allison J-35-A-11 engine (developed by General Electric as the TG-180) and carried 230 US gallons (871 l) of aviation fuel (kerosene).

Operational history

All the Skystreaks were initially painted scarlet, which led to the nickname "crimson test tube." NACA later had the color of the Skystreaks changed to white to improve optical tracking and photography. The first of three D-558-1 Skystreaks (#37970) made its maiden flight on April 14, 1947, at Muroc Army Air Field (later named Edwards AFB). Less than 4 months later, on August 20, this aircraft with Commander Turner Caldwell, USN, set a new world speed record of 641 miles per hour (1,032 km/h) flying D-558-1 #1, the very first air speed record that exceeded the unofficial mark of 1004 km/h (623.8 mph) set by an example of the World War II-era German Messerschmitt Me 163 "Komet" rocket fighter prototype, itself set in very early October of 1941. The D-558-1 #1 Skystreak's record lasted 5 days, and was broken by Marine pilot Marion Carl going 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) faster in D-558-1 #2 (#37971). This aircraft was delivered to the NACA Muroc Flight Test Unit in April 1949 after 101 flights had been completed by the Navy, Air Force, and Douglas. This aircraft was never flown by the NACA. The D-558-1 #1 is located at the Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.

Following 27 flights by the Navy and Douglas the second D-558-1 aircraft was delivered to the NACA in November 1947. The D-558-1 #2 underwent extensive instrumentation by the NACA Muroc instrumentation section. The number 2 Skystreak made a total of 19 flights with the NACA before it crashed on takeoff due to compressor disintegration on May 3, 1948, killing NACA pilot Howard C. Lilly. The third D-558-I (#37972) aircraft was delivered to the NACA Muroc Flight Test Unit in 1949 after three Douglas test pilots and Howard Lilly had flown it. The number three aircraft took over the planned flight program of the D-558-1 #2. From the first flight in 1949 through 1953 the third Skystreak was flown in an intensive flight-research program by seven NACA test pilots, with a great deal of useful data collected on high-subsonic handling. The D-558-1 #3 made a total of 78 research flights with the NACA before being retired on June 10, 1953. The third Skystreak is on display at Carolinas Aviation Museum located at the Charlotte-Douglas International Airport(CLT) in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The Skystreak reached Mach 0.99 in level flight, but only flew supersonic in a dive. In the public mind, much of the research performed by the D-558-1 Skystreaks was quickly overshadowed by Chuck Yeager and the supersonic X-1 rocket plane. However, the Skystreak performed an important role in aeronautical research by flying for extended periods of time at transonic speeds, which freed the X-1 to fly for limited periods at supersonic speeds.

Aircraft serial numbers

* D-558-1 Skystreak
** D-558-1 #1 - #37970 NACA-140, 101 flights
** D-558-1 #2 - #37971 NACA-141, 46 flights
** D-558-1 #3 - #37972 NACA-142, 81 flights
** D-558-1 #4, #5, #6 Additional aircraft originally ordered but later cancelled.

pecifications (D-558-1 Skystreak)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=jet
ref=
crew=one pilot
capacity=
payload main= 500 lb of instruments
payload alt= 227 kg
length main= 35 ft 8 in
length alt= 10.87 m
span main= 25 ft 0 in
span alt= 7.62 m
height main= 12 ft 1 in
height alt= 3.68 m
area main= 150.7 ft²
area alt= 14.00 m²
airfoil=
empty weight main=
empty weight alt=
loaded weight main= 9,750 lb
loaded weight alt= 4,423 kg
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main= 10,105 lb
max takeoff weight alt= 4,583 kg
more general=
engine (jet)= Allison J35-A-11
type of jet=turbojet
number of jets=1
thrust main= 5,000 lb_f
thrust alt= 22 kN
thrust original=
afterburning thrust main=
afterburning thrust alt=
max speed main= 650 mph at sea level
max speed alt= 1,050 km/h
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
stall speed main= 137 mph
stall speed alt= 221 km/h
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
range main=
range alt=
ceiling main= 45,700 ft
ceiling alt= 13,900 m
climb rate main= 9,220 ft/min
climb rate alt= 2,810 m/min
loading main=67 lb/ft²
loading alt=330 kg/m²
thrust/weight= 0.51
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=
armament=
avionics=

ee also

aircontent

related=
* D-558-2 Skyrocket

similar aircraft=
* Bell X-1
* X-4 Bantam
* Bell X-5
* Convair XF-92

lists=
* List of experimental aircraft

References

* [http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/D-558-1/HTML/index.html NASA Dryden D-558-1 gallery.]

External links

* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88788main_D-558.pdf Towards Mach 2: The Douglas D-558 Program. NASA History Series 1999. PDF]