Kiwi (shoe polish)

Kiwi is the brand name of a shoe polish, first made in Australia in 1906 and as of 2005 sold in almost 180 countries. Owned by the Sara Lee Corporation since 1984, it is the dominant shoe polish in some countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, where it has about two-thirds of the market.

This shoe polish was developed by Australia-based Scottish-born inventor William Ramsay, who named it Kiwi as a homage to his wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, a New Zealander, otherwise known as a "Kiwi". Its success in Australia expanded overseas when it was adopted by both the British and American armies in World War I.

Development

Whilst a number of older leather preserving products existed (including the Irish brand "Punch", which was first made in 1851, and the German brand, "Erdal", which went on sale in 1901), Kiwi's invention in 1906 made it the first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties (aimed primarily at inducing shine). Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making boot polish in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia.ref|rRam Their formula was new, and they worked on further improvements. Ramsay launched his product in 1906 and began marketing it in Melbourne. Ramsey loaded boxes of his boot polish on his horse and cart, and sold it to ranchers to protect their boots.ref|rwagon

Kiwi was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored colour. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, it incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world's best. Black and a range of colours became available, and exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began.

A rival brand of the time was "Cobra Boot Polish", based in Sydney. Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements in "The Sydney Bulletin", starting in 1909, using a character called "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." (The word "chunder", meaning "to vomit", possibly originated through the rhyming slang of "Chunder Loo" and "spew".)ref|rCob

New Zealand is the only nation whose colloquial identity has been assisted by a brand of shoe polish. In the early years of the European settlement a variety of symbols — predominantly the moa, silver fern, Southern Cross and kiwi — were used to represent the new nation, and even by the early 1900s there was no clear consensus. The spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the popular appeal of the Kiwi as New Zealand's national symbol.

Corporate history

Over the years, Kiwi has been owned by a variety of corporations. For the first six decades of its existence, it was part of iterations of an Australian corporation with Kiwi in its name, all based in the state of Victoria, including Kiwi Boot Polish Co. (1913-1916) and Kiwi Polish Co. (1916-1971). The company then joined with Nicholas International Ltd, a Melbourne based pharmaceutical company producing international brands such as Aspro and Rennie. The new company was renamed Nicholas Kiwi. In 1984 it was acquired by American-based Sara Lee (at the time known as Consolidated Foods Corporation) who eventually sold off the Nicholas pharmaceutical products to Roche of Switzerland and kept the Kiwi range.

Kiwi was acquired by the American company Sara Lee following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark in 1987.ref|rCOMP2 The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming a monopoly. Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior commission approval.ref|rCOMP The Competition Commission in the United Kingdom also investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry.ref|rCOMP2

Kiwi remains the predominant shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries and holding a 53% market share worldwide.ref|rCOMP2 Today, it is manufactured in Australia, Canada, France, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Other leading brands include "Shinola", "Lincoln Shoe Polish", "Meltonian", and "Cherry Blossom".ref|rCOMP3

References

# [http://www.whitehat.com.au/Melbourne/People/Ramsay.asp Information on the burial place of William Ramsay)]
# [http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/centenary/pdf/Chapter_3.pdf Australian Government article on Kiwi shoe polish] - PDF file, taken from "Imagination - 100 Years of Bright Ideas in Australia" ^{[http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/centenary/page1.shtml]} Available in print form - (ISBN 1740661060).
# [http://www.kiwiphile.org/sep2000.html KiwiPhile - how Kiwi shoe polish helped choose a national symbol]
# [http://takeourword.com/TOW173/page4.html Take Our Word For It]
# [http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1992/326saralee.htm Competition Commission] - Introduction to a report on Sara Lee (owners of Kiwi shoe polish) and the shoe polish market in general.
# [http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1992/fulltext/326c6.pdf Competition Commission] - Conclusions of a report on Sara Lee (owners of Kiwi shoe polish) and the shoe polish market in general.
# [http://www.ftc.gov/opa/predawn/F95/saralee-kiwi.htm Federal Trade Commission on Sara Lee's potential monopoly]

External links

* [http://www.saralee.com/ourbrands/brand_detail.aspx?id=13 Sara Lee corporation]
* [http://www.kiwicare.com/ Kiwi web site]