Comédie-Italienne

Départ des comédiens italiens en 1697, engraving by L. Jacob of the painting by Watteau

Over time, there have been several buildings and several theatrical companies named the "Théâtre-Italien" or the "Comédie-Italienne" in Paris. Following the times, the theatre has shown both plays and operas. For convenience, this article distinguishes between the original Comédie-Italienne, the Théâtre-Lyrique Italien (itself known under different names), and the modern Comédie-Italienne.

Origins: the first Comédie-Italienne

Mohammed Temim, Ambassadeur du Maroc, à la Comédie Italienne (1682), Antoine Coypel (1661-1722), Versailles.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the historical Comédie-Italienne was supported by the king. At that time, a distinction was made between so-called legitimate theatre, which could be performed in royally-sanctioned theatres, and the more lowbrow street theatre, which did not undergo the scrutiny of royal censors.

The historical Comédie-Italienne presented to the French-speaking public spectacles performed by professional Italian actors. At first, these actors performed commedia dell'arte in their native Italian. The actors later worked with the greatest French playwrights of the era, from Molière to Marivaux, along with Dufresny, Regnard, Houdar de la Motte, Nolant de Fatouville, Brugière de Barente, Évariste Gherardi, Jacques Losme de Monchesnay, Palaprat, Eustache Le Noble, Louis Biancolelli, Mongin or Boisfranc.

The original Comédie-Italienne did not have a building to call their own. Rather, the theatrical troupe performed at either the Théâtre du Petit-Bourbon or the Hôtel de Bourgogne, up to 1697.

That year, the company was disbanded after having offended the king. The actors had just announced upcoming performances of the play "La fausse prude", or "The False Prude", a play that directly ridiculed King Louis XIV of France's wife, Madame de Maintenon. In response, the king had the actors sent away and the theatre shut down.

The theatrical company returned to Paris in 1716 after being recalled by the Duke of Orléans, and later combined with the Théâtre national de l'Opéra-Comique in 1762. The newly combined company took the name "Comédie-Italienne", until 1780.

The Théâtre-Lyrique Italien or Opéra-Italien

L'amour au théâtre italien by Watteau

The first operas shown in Paris (in the mid-17th century) had been Italian; however, Italian opera was quickly abandoned in favour of French opera, as witnessed by the creation of the Académie Royale de Musique. Despite this, over the course of the 18th century, Italian musical performers came to Paris. In particular, in 1752, performances of the opera buffa La serva padrona led to the Querelle des Bouffons, a debate about the relative superiorities of French and Italian musical traditions.

In 1787, after the particular success of one troupe of Italian singers, came the idea of establishing a resident theatrical company for opera buffa. This initiative became reality in January 1789 with the founding of the Théâtre de Monsieur company, which was soon put under the auspices of the Count of Provence, the king's brother, and derived its name from the Count. They first performed at the Tuileries Palace theatre, before moving to the Théâtre Feydeau. However, in 1792, this theatre closed upon the departure of the company.

The Théâtre-Italien de Paris was reformed in 1801, this time for performing opera seria as well as opera buffa. This new company took residence at the Salle Favart, then at the Salle Louvois. In 1808, the singers moved to the Théâtre de l'Odéon, at that time called the "Théâtre de l'Impératrice". They stayed there until 1815.

At the time of the Bourbon Restoration, King Louis XVIII wanted to entrust the theatre to the soprano Angelica Catalani. Almost everything was set for the transfer, when the return of Napoleon and his reign of a Hundred Days disrupted the King's plans. The actors therefore stayed a little longer at the Théâtre de l'Impératrice. Upon the restoration of King Louis XVIII to power, Madame Catalani joined the troupe. However, she soon went on a tour across Europe, leaving control of the theatre to Ferdinando Paër.

In 1818, Madame Catalani's privilège, or royal permission to perform, was revoked, and the theatre shut down. It was then decided to hand over administration of the theatre, now known as the "Théâtre royal italien", to the Academie Royale de Musique, while maintaining the autonomy of each establishment. This system only lasted until 1827, when the theatre regained its independence from the crown and lost the appellation "royal". The Théâtre-Italien later made known the works of William Shakespeare to the Parisian public.

The Théâtre-Italien presented works by Ferdinando Paër, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Domenico Cimarosa, and especially the grand operas by Gioacchino Rossini, who had first come to Paris in 1823. It also saw the premiere of Rossini's Stabat Mater. The Théâtre-Italien also produced popular works by Giacomo Meyerbeer and Giuseppe Verdi, but the theatre was later forced to close in 1878.

Despite the closing of the Théâtre-Italien, operas continued to be performed in Paris, sometimes at the Théâtre de la Gaîté or the Théâtre du Châtelet, but especially at the Opéra.

The modern Comédie-Italienne

The present-day "Comédie-Italienne" is situated on the rue de la Gaîté. It was founded in 1980 by the director Attillio Maggiulli, after the closing of his "Teatrino Italiano" on the avenue du Maine. The Comédie-Italienne remains the only Italian theatre in France, and performs exclusively plays by Italian writers, both classic and contemporary, from Carlo Goldoni to Iago Migatti Lulli, in French translation.

References

• Antoine d'Origny, Annales du Théâtre italien, Paris, Veuve Duchesne, 1788, 3 vol. Réimpression Genève, Slatkine, 1970.
• Castil-Blaze, L'Opéra italien de 1645 à 1855, Paris, Castil-Blaze, 1856.
• Émile Campardon, Les Comédiens du roi de la troupe italienne, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1880, 2 vol.
• Albert Soubiès, Le Théâtre italien de 1801 à 1913, Paris, Fischbacher, 1913.
• Micheline Boudet, La Comédie Italienne, Marivaux et Silvia, Paris, Albin Michel, 2001.
• Alessandro di Profio, L'Opéra italien au théâtre de Monsieur, 1789–1792, Paris, Éditions du CNRS, 2003.

External links

• Comédie-Italienne official website
• Le théâtre italien à Paris
• List of all the performances at the Comédie-Italienne from 1783 to 1800 on the site CÉSAR