Corylus maxima

Filbert
Filbert fruit, showing the elongated tubular involucre
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Betulaceae
Genus:	Corylus
Species:	C. maxima
Binomial name
Corylus maxima Mill.

Corylus maxima, the Filbert, is a species of hazel native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from the Balkans to Ordu in Turkey.^[1]

It is a deciduous shrub 6–10 m tall, with stems up to 20 cm thick. The leaves are rounded, 5–12 cm long by 4–10 cm broad, with a coarsely double-serrated margin. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins produced in late winter; the male (pollen) catkins are pale yellow, 5–10 cm long, while the female catkins are bright red and only 1–3 mm long. The fruit is a nut produced in clusters of 1–5 together; each nut is 1.5–2.5 cm long, fully enclosed in a 3–5 cm long, tubular involucre (husk).^[1][2]

The Filbert is similar to the related Common Hazel (C. avellana), differing in having the nut more fully enclosed by the tubular involucre. This feature is shared by the Beaked Hazel (C. cornuta) of North America, and the Asian Beaked Hazel (C. sieboldiana) of eastern Asia.

Uses

Corylus maxima 'Purpurea'

The Filbert nut is edible, and is very similar to the Common Hazel nut (or cob nut). Its main use is as large filler (along with peanuts as small filler) in most containers of mixed nuts. Filberts are sometimes grown in orchards for the nuts, but much less often than the Common Hazel.^[1][2]

The purple-leaved cultivar Corylus maxima 'Purpurea' is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens.

Language

In Oregon, "filbert" is used for commercial hazelnuts in general. Use in this manner has faded partly due to the efforts of Oregon's hazelnut growers to brand their product to better appeal to global markets and avoid confusion.^[3][4]

The etymology for 'filbert' is Norman French. Saint Philibert's feast day is 20 August (old style) and the plant was possibly re-named after him because the nuts were mature on this day.^[5]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
2. ^ ^{a b} Flora of NW Europe: Corylus maxima
3. ^ Oregon Hazelnut Marketing Board
4. ^ Agriculture Quarterly - Oregon Department of Agriculture
5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary.