Battle of Drakenburg

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Drakenburg
partof=the Schmalkaldic War


caption=1607 etching of the battle
date=May 23, 1547
place=near Drakenburg
casus=
territory=
result=Protestant victory
combatant1=Protestant Schmalkaldic troops
combatant2=Catholic Imperial troops
combatant3=
commander1=
commander2=
commander3=
strength1=6,500 infantry, 1,400 cavalry, 24 cannons
strength2=6,000 infantry, unknown number of cavalry, 17 cannons
strength3=
casualties1=200 dead, 400 wounded
casualties2=2,500 dead, 2,500 captured
casualties3=
notes=In the Battle of Drakenburg ( _de. Schlacht bei Drakenburg), which took place on May 23, 1547 to the north of Nienburg, the Protestant army of the Schmalkaldic League defeated the imperial troops of Eric II, Duke of Calenberg, who was forced to swim over the Weser River in order to save his own life. As a consequence of the Battle of Drakenburg, the imperial troops left northern Germany, contributing to freedom of religion for Lutherans and Catholics in northern Germany.

Context

The Schmalkaldic League had already been defeated in the Schmalkaldic War by losing the Battle of Mühlberg on April 24, 1547. The signing of the Wittenberg Capitulation on May 19 virtually dissolved the league. Nonetheless, the northern German members of the Schmalkaldic League still resisted the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

iege of Bremen

In January 1547, the imperial colonel and mercenary leader Christoph von Wrisberg recruited men in Münsterland. Via the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück and Minden, which were still loyal to the emperor, Wrisberg's army marched to Bremen to begin besieging the city. In April the 19-year old Duke Eric II joined the besieging army, which numbered 12,000 men with Eric's reinforcements. In May, Eric was informed that a Protestant army was pillaging and plundering his Duchy of Calenberg and that this army was on its way to Bremen in order to liberate the city. Because the unsuccessful siege had taken months, using up the supplies, killing a quarter of his "Landsknechte", and creating the danger of a mutiny, Eric decided to abandon the siege.

Deployment

Imperial troops

The imperial troops left Bremen on May 22, marching rapidly in order to attack the Protestant army. The units of the two military leaders Eric and Christoph von Wrisberg travelled along the Weser separately, one on each bank; they wanted to re-unite at a river crossing. Wrisberg's troops lagged behind, however, because the sand paths caused problems. The young and ambitious duke did not wait for the latecomers and had his mercenaries march more quickly. After Eric was informed of the approach of the enemy near Drakenburg, he ordered his soldiers to get into battle formation. He had about 6,000 "Landsknechte", an unknown number of horsemen, and seventeen cannons at his disposal. He positioned them east of Drakenburg towards Heemsen on an open field. He chose a corrugated terrain with sand dunes of up to fifteen meters in height. He regarded the terrain as ideal in order to meet the enemy from a secure position. His cannons would have an open field of fire as a result of their more elevated position. Additionally, his troops had the advantage of having both the sun and the wind behind them. His troops did not, however, have any avenue for evasion or retreat, since the battlefield was bordered by swamps, wetlands, and the Weser River.

Protestants

Elector John Frederick I of Saxony had led the Protestant army shortly before his capture in the Battle of Mühlberg. Originally, the army had only consisted of several "Fähnlein" of "Landsknechte" led by Albrecht VII, Count of Mansfeld. It had marched from Saxony via Nordhausen, Northeim, and Braunschweig in order to aid the besieged city of Bremen. Troops from Braunschweig, Hildesheim, Hamburg, and Magdeburg had joined the army. Thus, the army consisted of a total of 26 "Fähnlein", or approximately 6,500 men, giving them a slight numeric advantage.

Battle

The Protestant troops came from the east and reached Eric's troops, who were entrenched on the dunes. The Schmalkaldic attackers availed themselves of a tactic attributed to Brun von Bothmer, a captain from Brunswick. He knew the area well as he lived there as a child and proposed a pincer movement with a second offensive at the Catholics' rear. Bothmer led about one thousand mounted arquebusiers to attack from the north covertly. Both parties began the battle with simultaneous shelling and assaults. In doing so, Eric's battle formation faltered. Additionally, the Protestant cavalry divided the imperial forces by riding in between the hills. In the chaos, Eric's cavalry fled, inflicting losses upon their own infantry. The Catholic forces' escape route had been cut off by the Schmalkaldic forces as well as the nearby swampland. The only escape was the Weser River, which was flooded with spring runoff. Approximately 1,000 imperial mercenaries drowned while looking for a ford. Duke Eric II swam across the river with great difficulty, but survived.

Rearguard action

The units under the command of Wrisberg reached the battlefield on May 23, but the battle was already over. Because of their numeric inferiority they retreated towards Verden. About ten kilometers north of the battlefield, the soldiers encountered the Tross of the Protestants near Hassel. It was only protected by a few soldiers, equivalent to about one "Fähnlein". The imperial forces overpowered the weak Schmalkaldic forces, attaining their war chest containing about 100,000 gold guilder, which would eventually be added to the funds of Emperor Charles V.

Consequences

As a result of the Battle of Drakenberg, the imperial army of Eric II virtually ceased to exist; Wrisberg's troops escaped to the Netherlands and disbanded. The Protestant victory contributed to the stability and freedom of religion for Lutherans and Catholics in northern Germany. The two surviving leaders Christoph von Wrisberg and Eric II would despise each other for the rest of their lives, accusing each other of being responsible for the defeat.

References

*Drakenburg: Heimatverein (ed.): "Geschichte des Fleckens Drakenburg". 1997. ISBN 3-9802780-8-5
*Freiherr Karl von Bothmer: "Die Schlacht vor der Drakenburg am 23. Mai 1547, ein historisch militärische Studie", 1938, Hildesheim
*" [http://www.erichshagen-woelpe.de/geschichte/drakenburgschlacht.htm Vor über 450 Jahren am 23. Mai 1547: Die Schlacht bei Drakenburg] "
*de|Schlacht bei Drakenburg