Hyères

French commune
nomcommune=Hyères
Street in Hyères
région=Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
département=Var
arrondissement=Toulon
canton=Chief town of 2 cantons
Hyères-Est and Hyères-Ouest
+ Canton de la Crau
insee=83069
cp=83400
maire=interim
mandat=-
intercomm=Toulon Provence Méditerranée
longitude=6.13161
latitude=43.119879
alt mini=0 m
alt maxi=325 m
hectares=13 238 ha
km²= 132,28
sans=52 500
date-sans=1999
dens= 397
date-dens=1999

Hyères (Provençal Occitan: "Ieras" in classical norm or "Iero" in Mistralian norm) is a town and commune in the southeast of France, in the Var "département", located 15 km (10 m) east of Toulon. According to the town's official website, at the 1999 census it had a population of 53,258 inhabitants. The old town lies 4 km from the sea clustered around the Castle of Saint Bernard, which is set on a hill. Between the old town and the sea lies the pine-covered hill of Costebelle, which overlooks the peninsula of Giens. Hyères is the most southerly Mediterranean seaside resort in mainland France.

History

The Hellenic city of "Olbia" [For other Greek cities bearing this name, see Olbia.] was refounded on the Phoenician settlement that dated to the fourth century BC; Olbia is mentioned by the geographer Strabo ( [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4A*.html IV.1.5] ) as a city of the Massiliotes that was fortified "against the tribe of the Salyes and against those Ligures who live in the Alps." Greek and Roman antiquities have been found in the area. The first reference to the town dates from 964.Citation
title = Hyères les palmiers – plus de 2000 ans d’histoire |publisher=Image et Mémoire de Hyères et Centre de Culture et de la Documentation provençales
year=1993
location = 45330 Malesherbes
isbn=2-9507432-0-X

Originally a possession of the Viscount of Marseilles, it was later transferred to Charles of Anjou. Louis IX King of France (often known as "St Louis") landed at Hyères in 1254 when returning from the Crusades.

World War II

As part of Operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944, the joint US/Canadian First Special Service Force came ashore off the coast of Hyères to take the islands of Port-Cros and Levant. The small German garrisons offered little resistance and the whole eastern part of Port-Cros had been secured by 06.30 am. All fighting was over on Levant by the evening but on Port-Cros, the Germans withdrew into old thick-walled forts. It was only when naval guns were brought to bear that they realised that further resistance was useless. cite journal
last = Pallud
first = Jean-Paul
title = The Riviera Landings
journal = After the Battle
issue = Number 110
publisher = Battle of Britain Prints International
date = 2000 An intense naval barrage on 18 August 1944 heralded the next phase of the operation – the assault on the largest of the Hyères islands, Porquerolles. French forces - naval units and colonial formations, including Senegalese infantry, became involved on 22 August and subsequently occupied the island. US/Canadian Special forces landing at the eastern end of Porquerolles took large numbers of prisoners – the Germans preferring not to surrender to the Senegalese.Harvard reference
Surname=Borel
Given=Vincent
Year=1998
Title= Hyères et sa région dans la guerre de 1939 - 1945
Publisher= Editions Champflour
Location=Marly-le-Roi
ISBN=2-87655-038-5

Geography

Its position facing the Mediterranean to the south makes it a popular location for tourism in the winter, and facilitates the cultivation of palm trees; about 100,000 trees are exported from the area each year. As a result, the town is frequently referred to as Hyères Les Palmiers (Palmiers = palm trees).

The three islands of the Îles d'Hyères (namely Porquerolles, Port-Cros and the Île du Levant) are located just offshore.

The commune has a land area of 132.38 km² (51.112 sq mi).

The British presence in Hyères

Lord Albermarle, The British ambassador, stayed in Hyères during the winter 1767-1768, but it was the two visits of the Prince of Wales during the winters of 1788 and 1789 which made Hyères popular with the British. The English agronomist Arthur Young visited Hyères on the advice of Lady Craven on 10 September 1789. He mentioned the many British living there in his book "Travels in France". The London born and Eton educated Anglo-Grison Charles de Salis died in Hyères in July 1781 aged 45, and was buried in the Convent des Cordeliers.

In 1791, Charlotte Turner Smith published her novel "Celestina", which is set in Hyères. but during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the British returned home, but they returned after 1815. Joseph Conrad, who lived for a while in Hyères, wrote his novel, "The Rover", which is set in Hyères during those years.

William FitzRoy, 6th Duke of Grafton spent the winter and spring each year at Hyères because he and his wife suffered from ill health. An Edwin Lee M.D. published in 1857 a book on the virtues of the climate of Hyères for the recovery of pulmonary consumption ["Notices sur Hyères et Cannes". Edwin Lee, M.D. 1857] and in November 1880 Alphonse Smith first published "The Garden of Hyères ".Citation
title = The Garden of Hyères - A Description of the Most Southern Port on the French Riviera
publisher = Published by the author
year=1880
location = Carnarvon
url = http://www.booksandcollectibles.com.au/bsearch.php3?bsearch_submit=Search&auth=Smith%2C+Adolphe.&title=THE+GARDEN+OF+HYERES.

In 1883, Robert Louis Stevenson came to Hyères and for about two years lived first at the Grand Hotel (the building still stands in the Avenue des Iles d'Or), and then in a chalet called "Solitude" in the present rue Victor-Basch. He wrote then: "That spot our garden and our view are sub-celestial. I sing daily with Bunian, that great bard. I dwell next door to Heaven!". In later years he wrote from his retreat in Valima: "Happy (said I); I was only happy once; that was at Hyères."

In 1884, Elisabeth Douglas , daughter of Alfred, Lord Douglas, had a small "cottage" as she called it built on the Costebelle hill by the architect Thomas Donaldson who used to spend his winters in Hyères during those years.

The British presence culminated in the winter of 1892 (21 March - 25 April) when Queen Victoria came for a stay of three weeks ["London Illustrated News" 19 March 1892] at The Albion Hotel. At that time, the British influence was so strong that shop signs were in both French and English. There was an English butcher, a chemist, two banks and two golf courses. There were also two English churches (plus one at the Grand Hôtel in Costebelle) whose buildings still exist: All Saint's Church at Costebelle and Saint Paul's English Church, Avenue Beauregard.

Some signs of this English presence have vanished like the small dell in the cemetery where once stood some hundred graves, some of which bore testimony to the aristocratic nature of the community such as that of Lord Arthur Somerset or Richard John Meade. Other vestiges remain, like the fountain near the new public library in a square shaded by plane tree. The inscription reads: "In loving memory of Marianne Stewart who died on 18 August 1900. She laboured many years in the cause of mercy to animals. Her last wish was that a drinking fountain should be set up for them in Hyères".

Many wounded British soldiers were sent to the town to convalesce during World War I.

The American novelist Edith Wharton wintered in Hyères annually from 1919 until her death in 1937. The garden of her villa, Castel Sainte-Claire, is open to the public. The villa previously belonged to Olivier Voutier, a French naval officer, whose grave is in the garden. It was Voutier who discovered the Venus de Milo in 1820 on the Aegean island of Milos.

Communications

Airport The airport, which is known officially as the Toulon-Hyères International Airport, is situated 4 km to the southeast of the town centre, on a sandy plane close to the seashore. The area was first used by private aircraft at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1920, after the marsh had been drained, French naval aircraft used the field, and in 1925 it became an official base of the [http://www.ffaa.net/ French Fleet Air Arm] . It has been a commercial airport since 1966, but the navy maintains a presence within the perimeter. Citation
title = BAN Hyères
url = http://frenchnavy.free.fr/naval_stations/hyeres/hyeres_fr.htm
accessdate = 2007-08-14There are currently (2007) scheduled flights to and from Brest, Bordeaux, Brussels, London, Lorient, Paris, Rome, Rotterdam and Stockholm.Citation
title = CCIV Toulon airport
url = http://www.var.cci.fr/aeroport/tousvols2.asp?idrub=502
accessdate = 2007-08-14
format = dead link|date=June 2008 – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3ACCIV+Toulon+airport&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]}

Miscellaneous

Hyères was the birthplace of Jean Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742), churchman and preacher.

Hyères is twinned with Rottweil, Germany and with Koekelberg, Belgium.

Hyères is home to the Hyères International Fashion and Photography Festival, a huge fashion and art photography event which has taken place annually at the end of April since 1985.

This festival was among the first to recognize the talents of Viktor & Rolf.

ee also

* Villa Noailles
* Costebelle
* Stade Perruc
* Stade Gaby Robert

Notes

External links

* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1028880 Free download of The Garden of Hyères on the site of the National French Library]
* [http://www.ville-hyeres.fr/version_anglaise/english.html English version of official town website]
* [http://www.ville-hyeres.fr/ Official website] (in French)
* [http://www.villanoailles-hyeres.com/ VillaNoailles] - the site of Villa Noailles, an avant-garde villa turned cultural center, home of the Hyères Fashion and Photography Festival, Design Parade and other events.