Cross section (geometry)

For cross-sections in architecture and engineering, see Multiview orthographic projection#Cross-section.

Graphical projection

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Other 3D projection Stereographic projection Anamorphic projection
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In geometry, a cross-section is the intersection of a figure in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane, etc. More plainly, when cutting an object into slices one gets many parallel cross-sections.

Cavalieri's principle states that solids with corresponding cross-sections of equal areas have equal volumes.

The cross-sectional area ( $A'$ ) of an object when viewed from a particular angle is the total area of the orthographic projection of the object from that angle. For example, a cylinder of height h and radius r has $A' = π r 2$ when viewed along its central axis, and $A' = 3π r h$ when viewed from an orthogonal direction. A sphere of radius r has $A' = π r 2$ when viewed from any angle. More generically, $A'$ can be calculated by evaluating the following surface integral:

$A' = \iint \limits_\mathrm{top} d\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{r}},$

where $\mathbf{\hat{r}}$ is a unit vector pointing along the viewing direction toward the viewer, $d\mathbf{A}$ is a surface element with outward-pointing normal, and the integral is taken only over the top-most surface, that part of the surface that is "visible" from the perspective of the viewer. For a convex body, each ray through the object from the viewer's perspective crosses just two surfaces. For such objects, the integral may be taken over the entire surface ( $A$ ) by taking the absolute value of the integrand (so that the "top" and "bottom" of the object do not subtract away, as would be required by the Divergence Theorem applied to the constant vector field $\mathbf{\hat{r}}$ ) and dividing by two:

$A' = \frac{1}{2} \iint \limits_A | d\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{r}}|$

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Cross section (geometry)

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