Apollo (ballet)

Infobox Ballet
name = Apollo or Apollon musagète


image_size =
caption =
choreographer = Adolph Bolm, George Balanchine
composer = Igor Stravinsky
based_on =
premiere = 27 April 1928
place = Washington, D.C.
ballet_company = Ballets Russes
characters = Apollo three Muses: Calliope, the muse of poetry Polyhymnia, the muse of rhetoric Terpsichore, the muse of dance
set designer = André Bauchant
setting = Classical antiquity
created for =
genre = Neoclassical ballet
type = classical ballet

"Apollo" (originally "Apollon musagète" and variously known as "Apollo musagetes", "Apollo, Leader of the Muses" and "Apolo Musageta") is a ballet in two tableaux composed between 1927 and 1928 by Igor Stravinsky. It was choreographed by balletmaster George Balanchine in 1928, the composer contributing the libretto. The scenery and costumes were designed by André Bauchant with new costumes by Coco Chanel in 1929. The scenery was executed by Prince A. Schervashidze, the costumes under the direction of Mme. A. Youkine; the lighting was by Ronald Bates and the staging by Francia Russell. The American patron of the arts Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge commissioned the ballet in 1927 for a festival of contemporary music to be held the following year at the Library of Congress, Washington.

"Apollo" is Balanchine's oldest surviving ballet and his first great public success. It marked the beginning of his significant and enduring collaboration with Stravinsky and featured the neoclassical style which Balanchine was to become renowned for. It was presented for the first time on 12 June 1928 by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Théâtre Sarah Bernhart in Paris. Balanchine looked upon Apollo as the turning point of his life, "in its sustained oneness of tone and feeling". The story centres around Apollo, the god of music, who is visited by three muses; Terpsichore, muse of dance and song; Polyhymnia, muse of mime; and Calliope, muse of poetry. This ballet plainly takes Classical antiquity as its subject, but the plot suggests a contemporary situation. The ballet is concerned with the reinvention of tradition, since its inspiration is "classique", or even post-baroque, but nevertheless the orchestra is simplified (it has only 34 string instruments: 8.8.6.8.4).

The music

Stravinsky began Apollo on July 16, 1927, and completed the score on January 9, 1928. He chose to make a ballet blanc, which he composed for a refined instrumental force, manifested as a string orchestra of 34 instrumentalists: 8 first violins, 8 second violins, 6 violas, 4 first violoncellos, 4 second violoncellos and 4 double basses. The commission from the Library of Congress and underwritten by Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge paid $1,000 for the piece, which was required to use only six dancers, a small orchestra and last not more than half an hour, but he was given a free choice of subject. Stravinsky had for some while been thinking of writing a ballet on an episode in Greek mythology and decided to centre it on Apollo, leader of the muses, reducing their number from nine to three. Stravinsky explained the originally titled "Apollon Musagète" as meaning “Apollo, conducteur of the Muses”. These three were Terpsichore, personifying the rhythm of poetry and the eloquence of gesture as embodied in the dance, Calliope, combining poetry and rhythm, Polyhymnia, representing mime.

Stravinsky wrote for a homogeneous ensemble of bowed string instruments, choosing to replace the contrasts in timbre that one hears in Pulcinella with contrasts in dynamics. As much later in Agon, this ballet takes its inspiration from the grand tradition of French seventeenth and eighteenth-century music, in particular that of Lully. The prologue begins with dotted rhythms in the style of a French overture. The composer depends on a basic rhythmic cell, presented at the beginning of the work, which he transforms by subdivisions of successive values which are made increasingly complex. Stravinsky slightly revised the score in 1947, and it is this edition that is played at these concerts. His 1963 book of conversations with Robert Craft, "Dialogues and a Diary", indicates still more desired changes, particularly with respect to double-dotting many of the dotted-rhythm passages in Baroque style. Stravinsky himself conducted the first San Francisco Symphony performances of this music, in April 1958.

The ballet

The first ballet version of Stravinsky's "Apollon musagète", commissioned especially for the Washington festival, premiered on 27 April 1928 with choreography by Adolph Bolm who also danced the role of Apollo. It was Adolph Bolm who put together a company of dancers, in dance-impoverished US for the premiere. Ruth Page, Berenice Holmes (Gene Kelly's ballet teacher), and Elise Reiman were the three Muses, while Hans Kindler conducted.

Unfortunately for Bolm, Stravinsky himself had no interest in the US project. He had reserved the European rights to the score for Serge Diaghilev, whose Ballets Russes production, choreographed by the twenty-four year old Balanchine, opened at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, Paris, on 12 June of that same year. This performance was conducted by the composer himself; the violinist was Marcel Darrieux. Balanchine's version for Diaghelev, which is now hailed as a landmark work, quickly superseded Bolm's effort, now practically forgotten.

As the composer had wished, the style of dancing was essentially classical, and Stravinsky thought of "Apollon Musagete" as a "ballet blanc". Balanchine, too, later said that when he heard Stravinsky's music, all he could see was this pristine white. [ [http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/nofrills-ballet/2007/06/14/1181414461763.html No-frills ballet - Arts - Entertainment - theage.com.au ] ] Certainly it is the clarity, calm, even serenity of the music which makes it seem almost infinitely remote from the excitements of the earlier ballets. The avoidance of any conflict in the scenario, indeed of any narrative, psychological or expressive intent, was further matched by monochrome costumes for the dancers and the absence of elaborate scenery on stage. [ [http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/3660/ballet_s.html AN AMAZING CREATIVE OUTBURST: Four Ballets by Stravinsky ] ] In Apollo, Balanchine found the way to unite the traditions of classical Russian ballet and the spare austerity of modernism, which led to the evolution of the new classicism that is the hallmark of New York City Ballet.

Scenery and costumes for Balanchine's production were by French artist Andre Bauchant, with new costumes designed by Coco Chanel in 1929. Apollo wore a reworked toga with a diagonal cut, a belt, and laced up. The Muses wore a traditional tutu. The decoration was baroque: two large sets (some rocks, and Apollo's chariot). One senses in the dance a reappearance of academicism (in the stretching out and upward leaping of the body). But the choreographer George Balanchine bent the angles of the arms and hands. It is therefore a neoclassical ballet.The libretto involved the birth of Apollo, his interactions with the three muses, Terpsichore (dance), Polyhymnia (mime) and Calliope (poetry), and his ascent as a god to Mount Parnassus. The original cast included Serge Lifar as Apollo, Alice Nikitina as Terpsichore (alternating with Alexandra Danilova), Lubov Tchernicheva as Polyhymnia, Felia Doubrovska as Calliope and Sophie Orlova as Leto, mother of Apollo. [ [http://www.australiadancing.org/subjects/5521.html Australia Dancing - Apollo ] ]

Balanchine staged "Apollon Musagete" for the Royal Danish Ballet in 1931. Following his move to the United States two years later, the work was performed by his American Ballet in 1937 with Lew Christensen in the title rôle and subsequently becoming a feature of Balanchine's New York company and of many other companies the world over. In 1978 Balanchine made major changes to the piece, discarding the ballet's prologue which depicts Apollo's birth. For a revival with Mikhail Baryshnikov as Apollo in 1979, he also omitted Apollo's first variation and rechoreographed the ending of the ballet. This revision saw the piece concluding not with Apollo's ascent to Mount Parnassus but rather with the earlier memorable tableau of the muses posing in ascending arabesques beside Apollo. In the 1980 staging for the New York City Ballet, Apollo's first variation was restored. Suzanne Farrell restored the birth scene for her company in 2001, as did Arthur Mitchell for his Dance Theatre of Harlem performance at Symphony Space's "Wall to Wall Balanchine" in conjunction with City Ballet's Balanchine centennial.

Form

The characters are Apollo and three Muses: Calliope, the muse of poetry; Polyhymnia, the muse of rhetoric; and Terpsichore, the muse of dance. The theme is: Apollon musagetes ("director of the Muses") instructs the muses in their arts and leads them to Parnassus. The ballet is divided into two tableaux:
* First tableau
** Prologue: The birth of Apollo
* Second tableau
** Variation of Apollo
** Pas d'action (Apollo and the three Muses)
** Variation of Calliope (the Alexandrine)
** Variation of Polyhymnia
** Variation of Terpsichore
** Second variation of Apollo
** Pas de deux
** Coda
** Apotheosis

Other premieres

*ABT first premiered the ballet in 1943 in New York City at the Metropolitan Opera House.

* The Stravinsky score was used by Margaret Scott in creating her version of "Apollon Musagete" for the Ballet Guild in 1951, by Charles Lisner in his 1962 version for the Queensland Ballet, and by Robin Grove in his 1967 production for the Victorian Ballet Company.

* The Royal English Ballet premiere was on November 15, 1966, with Robert Mead as Apollo, Georgina Parkinson as Terpsichore, Monica Mason as Polyhymnia and Vyvyan Lorrayne as Calliope.

* The first performance of the Balanchine work in Australia was by the Australian Ballet on May 3, 1991, when it was staged for the company by Karin von Aroldingen, former leading artist of New York City Ballet. On opening night, Steven Heathcote danced the role of Apollo with Justine Miles as Calliope, Miranda Coney as Polyhymnia and Lisa Pavane as Terpsichore. Lighting was by William Akers. A 1997 Australian Ballet staging again saw Heathcote in the title role, with Justine Summers dancing as Terpsichore, Lucinda Dunn as Polyhymnia and Simone Goldsmith as Calliope.

* First performance by Birmingham Royal Ballet was on 24 September 2003 at the Birmingham Hippodrome.

* The New York City Ballet premiere was November 15, 1951, at City Center of Music and Drama, New York.

Casts

Original

*Alice Nikitina
*Lubov Tchernicheva
*Felia Doubrovska
*Serge Lifar

NYCB premiere

*Maria Tallchief
*Diana Adams
*Tanaquil LeClercq
*André Eglevsky

February 2008, "Nikolaj Hübbe farewell"

*Wendy Whelan
*Ashley Bouder
*Rachel Rutherford
*Nikolaj Hübbe

Further information

Balanchine shortened the title to "Apollo" in the 1950s, which Stravinsky himself came to prefer. Despite the popularly considered Balanchine-Stravinsky Greek link due to Balanchine's later work with Stravinsky scores in "Orpheus" and "Agon", the music for "Apollo" was commissioned by the Library of Congress. "Orpheus" may be considered a sequel to "Apollo" but "Agon" is a formal plotless ballet whose title in Greek evokes a contest.

References

See also

* List of "Apollo" stagings
* List of New York City Ballet repertory
* List of New York City Ballet 2008 Winter repertory

External links

* [http://www.nycballet.com NYCB website]

* [http://www.balanchine.com George Balanchine Trust website]

* [http://www.balanchine.org George Balanchine Foundation website]

* [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/arts/dance/12hubb.html NY Times review by Alastair Macaulay, February 12, 2008]

* [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70614FF3F5D0C728EDDA00894D9484D81 NY Times obituary by Jack Anderson, September 21, 1981]

* [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D15FD3E5C12728DDDAC0894D9405B8084F1D3 NY Times review by Jack Anderson, January 5, 1980]

* [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D12F63A58177A93C6A9178AD95F408385F9 Sunday NY Times review by John Martin, November 4, 1934]