Voiceless palatal-velar fricative

The so-called voiceless palatal-velar fricative (also called a voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative, or voiceless coarticulated velar and palatoalveolar fricative) covers a range of similar sounds used in most dialects of Swedish and transcribed as IPA|/ɧ/. In Swedish, they are commonly referred to as the "sje"-sound, based on one of the more common spellings. They have very similar acoustic properties, not dissimilar from the IPA|/ç/ sound of southern Dutch or German "ch" after "e" or "i," and feature distinct labialization. The International Phonetic Association describes IPA|/ɧ/ as "simultaneous IPA|ʃ and IPA|x", but this claim is disputed among phoneticians, including at least one former president of the IPA.Peter Ladefoged, "The Sounds of the World's Languages."]

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal-velar fricative:

* Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
* Its place of articulation is disputed (see below).
* Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

This sound has been reported in certain dialects of Swedish, where it is most often known as the "sje"-sound.

* Its place of articulation varies over Swedish regions, and is not agreed upon (see references). It has been variously found to be:
** velar and postalveolar, meaning it is articulated simultaneously with the tongue dorsum (i.e. the back part of the tongue) approximating the velum (i.e. the soft palate) (like IPA| [x] ) and just behind the teeth (like IPA| [ʃ] ). However, doubly articulated fricatives are very difficult to pronounce or to hear, and many linguists doubt that they exist.
** Lindblad describes one of two common variants of Swedish IPA|/ɧ/ as labiodental with simultaneous velarization and protrusion of the upper lip, which would be transcribed as IPA| [fˠʷ] . (The English sigh of relief "phew!" is probably the closest approximation, resembling the voiceless labial-velar approximant that is used in some varieties of American English.) He does not use the symbol IPA|<ɧ> for this allophone.
** Lindblad describes the second common variant of Swedish IPA|/ɧ/ as velar. The difference between it and IPA| [x] is not clear, but it may have less friction (IPA| [x̞] ), or be further forward (IPA| [x̟] ), or both.
** A number of intermediate possibilities between these extremes.
** Other articulations have been described as well, with no obvious standard emerging.

Consider the following comments by Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson:

quotation|Some dialects of Swedish have a fricative that has been said to have two or even three articulatory constrictions (Abercrombie 1967). We do not, however, think it is correct for more than one of these constrictions to be considered a fricative articulation. There is good data available on the Swedish sibilant fricatives (Lindblad 1980) allowing us to consider these sounds in detail.
[…]
The […] Swedish fricative, usually symbolized by IPA|ɧ, is the most interesting. Lindblad describes two common variants of Swedish IPA|ɧ. The first, for which he uses a different symbol, he calls a highly rounded, labiodental, velar or velarized fricative. […] Lindblad suggests that the source of frication is between the lower lip and the upper teeth, and it certainly appears to be so from his x-ray. He also demonstrates that the upper lip is considerably protruded in comparison with its position with that in the gesture of IPA|i. In addition to these anterior gestures, Lindblad notes that the "tongue body is raised and retracted towards the velum to form a fairly narrow constriction. (The presence of this constriction is constant, but not its width or location, which vary considerably.)" The posterior constriction in this variety of IPA|ɧ is not great enough to be itself a source of turbulence, so that, although this sound may have three notable constrictions, one in the velar region, one labiodental, and a lesser one between the two lips, only the labiodental constriction is a source of friction.
The second common variant of Swedish IPA|ɧ […] is described by Lindblad as a "dorsovelar voiceless fricative" pronounced with the jaw more open and without the lip protrusion that occurs in the other variety. Lindblad suggests that the difference between this sound and the more usual velar fricative IPA|x is that the latter "is formed with low frequency irregular vibrations in the saliva at the constriction" (Lindblad 1980, our translation). We infer from his descriptions and diagrams that this variant of IPA|ɧ has less frication, and may be slightly further forward than the velar fricative IPA|x commonly found in other languages. Lindblad claims that between the extreme positions of the labiodental IPA|ɧ and the more velar IPA|ɧ, "there are a number of intermediate types with various jaw and lip positions, including some with both anterior and posterior sound sources." [W] e doubt that it is possible to produce turbulence at two points in mouth simultaneously for ordinary linguistic purposes.
The most well-known case [of a possible multiply-articulated fricative] is the Swedish segment that has been described as a doubly-articulated voiceless palato-alveoar-velar fricative, i.e., IPA|ʃ͡x. The IPA even goes so far as to provide a separate symbol for this sound on its chart, namely IPA|ɧ. The sound in question is one variant of the pronunciation of the phonological element IPA|ʃ, which is highly variable in Swedish dialects, receiving pronunciations ranging from a palatalized bilabial sound to a velarized palato-alveolar one to a fully velar one. [I] t is not clear that any of the variants is actually a doubly-articulated fricative.|Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:171–172, 330

References

* Abercrombie, David. (1967). "Elements of general phonetics". Chicago: Aldine.
* Garlén, Claes (1988), "Svenskans fonologi : [i kontrastiv och typologisk belysning] " Lund : Studentlitteratur, 1988 [Ny utg.]
* Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). "The sounds of the world's languages". Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
* Lindblad, Per. (1980). "Svenskans sje- och tje-ljud i ett Allmänfonetisk Perspektiv". "Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund 16". Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.

ee also

* List of phonetics topics
* Swedish phonology