Black Hawk, Colorado

Infobox Settlement
official_name = City of Black Hawk, Colorado
other_name =
native_name =
nickname = The City of Mills
settlement_type = City
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image_caption = Restored historic buildings in downtown Black Hawk


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map_caption = Location in Gilpin County and the State of Colorado


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subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = USA
subdivision_type1 = State
subdivision_name1 = flag|Colorado|name=State of Colorado
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Gilpin Countycite web | url = http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html | title = Active Colorado Municipalities | format = HTML | publisher = State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs | accessdate = 2007-09-01]
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government_type = Home Rule Municipality
leader_title = City Manager
leader_name = Richard F. Lessner [cite web |url=http://www.cityofblackhawk.org/information/default.asp?NavPageID=41139 |title=City Manager |publisher = City of Black Hawk|accessdate=2007-09-04]
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established_title =
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established_title2 = Incorporated
established_date2 = June 12, 1886cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | title = Colorado Municipal Incorporations | format = HTML | publisher = State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives | date = 2004-12-01 | accessdate = 2007-09-02]
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unit_pref = Imperial
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area_total_km2 = 3.8
area_land_km2 = 3.8
area_water_km2 = 0
area_total_sq_mi = 1.5
area_land_sq_mi = 1.5
area_water_sq_mi = 0
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population_as_of = 2000
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population_total = 118
population_density_km2 = 31.1
population_density_sq_mi = 78.7
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timezone = MST
utc_offset = -7
timezone_DST = MDT
utc_offset_DST = -6
latd = 39 |latm = 48 |lats = 11 |latNS = N
longd = 105 |longm = 29 |longs = 32 |longEW = W
elevation_footnotes = GR|3
elevation_m = 2602
elevation_ft = 8537
postal_code_type = ZIP code
postal_code = 80403, 80422 (PO Box)cite web | url = http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp | title = ZIP Code Lookup| format = JavaScript/HTML | publisher = United States Postal Service | accessdate = September 3 | accessyear = 2007]
area_code = 303
blank_name = FIPS code
blank_info = 08-07025
blank1_name = GNIS feature ID
blank1_info = 0204706
website = [http://www.cityofblackhawk.org/ City of Black Hawk]
footnotes =
The least populous Colorado city

The historic City of Black Hawk is a Home Rule Municipality located in Gilpin County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 118 at U.S. Census 2000, making Black Hawk the least populous city in Colorado. The tiny city is a historic mining settlement founded in 1859 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. It is located adjacent to Central City, another historic mining settlement in Gregory Gulch. The two cities form the federally designated Central City/Black Hawk National Historic District. The area flourished during the mining boom of the late 19th century following the construction of mills and a railroad link to Golden. The town declined during the 20th century, but has been revived in recent years after the 1991 establishment of casino gambling following a statewide initiative in 1990.

History

The Mining Boom

The town is located along the north fork of Clear Creek and Gregory Gulch. In May 1859 the discovery of gold in Gregory Gulch by its namesake, John H. Gregory, brought thousands of prospectors and miners into the area, combing the hills for more gold veins. The Bobtail lode was discovered the following month. Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their amalgamation mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores. [A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) "Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States", US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.]

Nathaniel P. Hill built Colorado's first successful ore smelter in Blackhawk in 1868. Hill's smelter could recover gold from the sulfide ores, an achievement that saved hardrock mining in Blackhawk, Central City, and Idaho Springs from ruin. Other smelters were built nearby. Blackhawk's advantageous location on North Clear Creek made it the center of ore processing for the area, and it became known as the "City of Mills". [James E. Fell, Jr. (1979) "Ores to Metals", Lincoln: Univ. Nebraska Press, p.27-54.]

The Colorado Central Railroad extended its line to the town in 1872.Paul K. Sims and others (1963) "Economic Geology of the Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado", US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 359, p.7-8.] A restored depot and locomotive are on display on the east side of downtown. Black Hawk was also serviced by the two foot gauge Gilpin Tramway which climbed from Black Hawk to the mines above Central City. Many historic buildings in the town have been restored following the opening of the casinos in 1991.

The Gambling Boom

The town has been in heated competition for gambling revenue with the nearby town of Central City since casinos opened in both towns in 1991. Development of the area down Clear Creek from the historic Black Hawk townsite lining State Highway 119 has flourished. Gamblers from Denver pass the Blackhawk casinos before they arrive at Central City, and as a result Black Hawk has realized much more revenue from gambling than Central City. In an attempt to close the competitive gap, Central City built the Central City Parkway from I-70 near Idaho Springs as an alternative route, leading guests first to Central City, and then to Black Hawk. The Parkway opened November 19, 2004.

Although the 1990 statewide referendum allowing casino gambling in Blackhawk was promoted as a way to promote historic preservation in Blackhawk, critics have charged that it has had the opposite effect, and that the historic appearance of Blackhawk has been sacrificed to allow construction of the large casinos. [http://achp.gov/casearchive/cases4-99CO.html] [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9F00EED61130F934A3575AC0A961958260] [http://www.westword.com/2006-04-13/news/a-house-divided/] [http://www.nationaltrust.org/11Most/list.asp?i=11]

Geography

Black Hawk is located at coor dms|39|48|11|N|105|29|32|W|city (39.803149, -105.492265)GR|1.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.8 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

USCensusPop
1870=1068
1880=1540
1890=1067
1900=1200
1910=668
1920=253
1930=253
1940=289
1950=166
1960=171
1970=217
1980=232As of the censusGR|2 of 2000, there were 118 people, 54 households, and 28 families residing in the city. The population density was 80.9 people per square mile (31.2/km²). There were 79 housing units at an average density of 54.2/sq mi (20.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.75% White, 3.39% African American, 0.85% Native American, 5.93% from other races, and 5.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.17% of the population.

There were 54 households out of which 18.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the city the population was spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 34.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 131.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,583, and the median income for a family was $52,500. Males had a median income of $29,688 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,985. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

Attractions

*Casinos - While smaller, Black Hawk has more casinos than Atlantic City, New Jersey.
**Ameristar Casino
**Black Hawk Station
**Bull Durham Saloon & Casino
**Bullwhackers Casino
**Canyon Casino
**Colorado Central Station, owned by Isle of Capri Casinos
**Eureka Casino
**Fitzgeralds Black Hawk
**Gilpin Hotel Casino
**Golden Gates Casino
**Golden Gulch Casino
**Golden Mardi Gras Casino
**Isle of Capri Black Hawk
**Red Dolly Casino
**Riviera Black Hawk
**Sliver Hawk Casino
**The Lodge Casino
**Wild Card Casino

People

Notable people born or residing in Black Hawk include:
*Nathaniel P. Hill - Brown University chemistry professor, Black Hawk smelter magnate,U.S. Senator.
*Frederick O. Vaille - Founder of Denver Telephone Dispatch Company, sets the first direct line from Denver, Georgetown, and Idaho Springs to Black Hawk in 1879.Fact|date = March 2008
*William Frederick Cody "Buffalo Bill" - A brief resident of Black Hawk while searching for gold near the town for two months.
*John H. Gregory - Made famous first gold strike in north Clear Creek on May 6, 1859, later setting camps in Black Hawk.
*William N. Byers - Founder of "The Rocky Mountain News" who, after visiting nearby Central City, was credited with its naming since it was about half way between Nevada City (Nevadaville) and Mountain City he said it should be called "Central City."

ee also

*Colorado municipalities
*Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area
*Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area
*Front Range Urban Corridor
*Gilpin County, Colorado
*State of Colorado

References

External links

* [http://www.rockymountainprofiles.com/black_hawk_colorado.htm Photos of Black Hawk Colorado Ghost Town site provided by Rocky Mountain Profiles]
* [http://www.cityofblackhawk.org/ City of Black Hawk website]
** [http://www.dot.state.co.us/App_DTD_DataAccess/Downloads/CityMaps/Black%20Hawk.pdf CDOT map of the City of Black Hawk]
* [http://gilpintram.com/ Railroads, mines and mills of Gilpin County]