Mary Hallock-Greenewalt

Portrait of Greenewalt by Thomas Eakins

Mary Elizabeth Hallock-Greenewalt (1871–1951) was an inventor and pianist who performed with the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh symphonies as a soloist. She is best known for her invention of a type of visual music she called Nourathar.

Early life and education

She was born in 1871 in Beirut, then part of Syria, and studied piano at the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music and then with Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna.

Recordings

Columbia Records released her performance of Chopin's "Preludes in E Minor, C minor, A Major" and "Nocturne in G Major" in March, 1920 (A6136).

Inventions

'Color organ'

The name for her art, Nourathar, was adapted from the Arabic words for light (nour), and essence of (athar). Unlike earlier inventors of color-music such as the painter A. Wallace Rimington, Hallock-Greenewalt did not produce a strict definition of correspondence between specific colors and particular notes, instead arguing that these relationships were inherently variable and reflected the temperament and ability of the performer.

Hallock Greenewalt, half-length portrait, at electric light "color organ", which she invented

Her earliest attempts at creating this art entailed her construction of an automated machine where colored lights were synchronized to records. This produced an unsatisfactory result, leading to her development of an instrument that could actually be played live.

Her color organ, which she named "Sarabet" after her mother, required her invention of a number of new technologies. She received nine patents from the US Patent office for them. Among these devices was a non-linear variety of rheostat, a patent that was infringed by General Electric and other companies. She sued them for infringement and won in 1934. The Sarabet went through a series of refinements between 1916 and 1934. In 1946 she published a book on her invented art of "light-color playing" called Nourathar: The Fine Art of Light-Color Playing.

Hand-painted films

Michael Betancourt has noted Hallock-Greenewalt also produced the earliest hand-painted films known to still exist. However, these were not movies but films produced specifically to be performed by her earliest version of the Sarabet which was a machine for automatic accompaniment to records. This device was an early music visualizer of the type now included with computer audio-players. Even though these films were not designed to be motion pictures, they were produced with templates and aerosol sprays, producing repeating geometric patterns in the same way as the hand painted films of Len Lye from the 1930s.

Thomas Eakins painted her portrait in 1903, currently in the Roland P. Murdock Collection of the Wichita Museum of Art. She died in 1950.

Further reading

• Clavier à lumières
• Color organ
• Louis Bertrand Castel
• New Epoch Notation Painting
• Thomas Wilfred
• Oskar Fischinger
• William Moritz
• Klein, Adrian Bernard, 'Coloured Light An Art Medium' 3rd ed. The Technical Press, London, 1937
• Rimington, Alexander Wallace, 'Colour-Music The Art Of Mobile Colour' Hutchinson, London, 1912

References

• Mary Hallock-Greenewalt, "Nourathar" [Westbrook Publishing, 1946]
• Michael Betancourt, "Mary Hallock-Greenewalt's Abstract Films." [Millennium Film Journal no 45, 2006]
• Michael Betancourt, "Mary Hallock-Greenewalt: The Complete Patents." [Wildside Press, 2005]
• The majority of her papers, documents, photographs and other materials are held by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, ref. 867.
• Biography and Genealogy Master Index. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, Cengage Learning. 1980- 2009.

External links

• The Mary Elizabeth Hallock Greenewalt papers, including correspondence, photos, drawings and artifacts, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Persondata
Name	Hallock-Greenewalt, Mary
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1871
Place of birth
Date of death	1951
Place of death