- Tian Kehan
Tian Kehan (zh-cpw|c=天可汗|p=Tiān Kěhán|w=T'ien K'ehan) also translated as Heavenly Khagan, Celestial Khagan or Tengri Khagan, was a title addressed to
Emperor Taizong of Tang by various Turkic nomads. [Liu, 79] It was first mentioned in accounts onMay 20 630 and again onOctober 24 646 , shortly after the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Xueyantuo were annihilated by Emperor Taizong's generals. [Liu, 74-76]The title Tengri Khagan also used to refer another two Turkic ruler, both known as the Dengli Khagan to the Chinese, during the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate (r.
739 –741 ) andUyghur Khaganate (r.759 –779 ) periods. [Liu, 81-83]It is not certain whether the title also appiled to rest of the Tang emperors, since kaghan only refers to male and woman had become dominating in the Chinese court after 665 until the year 705. However, we do have two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in
727 , the Yabgu ofTokharistan , and Yina Tudun Qule in741 , the king ofTashkent , addressingEmperor Xuanzong of Tang as Tian Kehan during theUmayyad expansion. [Bai, 230] [Xue, 674-675]Notes
References
*Bai, Shouyi et al (2003). "A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2)". Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-02890-X.
*Liu, Yitang (1997). "Studies of Chinese Western Regions". Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company. ISBN 957-091119-0.
* Xue, Zongzheng (1992). "A History of Turks". Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.
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