Balfour, Orkney

infobox UK place
country = Scotland
official_name= Balfour
population =
os_grid_reference= HY479164
latitude= 59.030
longitude= -2.907
unitary_scotland= Orkney Islands
lieutenancy_scotland= Orkney Islands
constituency_westminster= Orkney and Shetland
constituency_scottish_parliament= Orkney
post_town= ORKNEY
postcode_district = KW17
postcode_area= KW
dial_code= 01856

Balfour is a village on the island of Shapinsay, Orkney. The village is situated on Elwick Bay, which was used as an anchorage by Haakon IV of Norway before sailing south to eventual defeat at the Battle of Largs. Today, the village still possesses a harbour, with mock defensive walls constructed at the same time as the castle. David Balfour even added a stone marked with the date 1725, taken from Noltland Castle on the island of Westray, to his defences. A car ferry to Kirkwall, operated by Orkney Ferries, sails from a pier at the harbour. This became a roll-on/roll-off service in 1990.Smith, Robin "The Making of Scotland" (2001) Edinburgh, Canongate]

History

Originally known as Shoreside, Balfour was built by in the 1780s by Thomas Balfour, a former tenant farmer who acquired a private income by marrying the sister of an Earl. Thomson, William PL (2001) "The new history of Orkney" Edinburgh, Mercat Press ] With his new-found wealth, Balfour purchased the estate of Sound, whose estate house had been burned down in revenge for the then owner's support of the 1745 Jacobite Rising. In 1782, to make way for a new residence, Balfour cleared cottars from the south-west of the island, and appropriated part of the common, building the village of Shoreside to house those evicted. To help finance his building work, Thomas Balfour borrowed money from his brother John, who made his fortune serving with the British East India Company.

In 1846 his grandson, David Balfour, inherited the estate, which now encompassed the whole of the island. The following year, he recruited an Edinburgh architect, David Bryce, to transform Cliffdale House into the Scottish Baronial Balfour Castle.cite web|url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shapinsay/balfourcastle/index.html|title=Balfour Castle Feature Page|publisher=Undiscovered Scotland|accessdate=2007-08-13]

At the same time, many changes were made to the village, which was renamed Balfour. While some of the village was demolished in order to improve the view from the castle, many improvements were made. Balfour added an imposing gatehouse, now the village pub and home to the local football team; a water mill and a gas works which remained operational until the 1920s.cite web|url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shapinsay/balfour/index.html|title=Balfour Feature Page|publisher=Undiscovered Scotland|accessdate=2007-08-13] In order to supply the water mill, a river was dammed, creating the wetland known as Mill Dam, which is now a significant bird habitat, owned and managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The reserve is home to many species of birds, including water rails, pintails, waders and black-headed gulls.cite web|url=http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst1091.html|title=Overview of Shapinsay|publisher=The Gazetteer for Scotland|accessdate=2007-08-14] Whooper Swans have also been known to breed here.Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) "The Scottish Islands". Edinburgh. Canongate.]

The last of the Balfour family died in 1960 with no children, despite having had four wives. The castle was purchased by Tadeusz Zawadzki, a Polish Cavalry officer and now operates as a hotel. [ cite web|url=http://www.balfourcastle.com/history.html|title=Balfour Castle website|accessdate=2007-08-14 ]

Electricity was introduced via undersea cable in the 1970s.

Notable buildings

Balfour's former smithy is now home to the Shapinsay Heritage Centre, a craft shop and a cafe. The village also includes a shop and the island's only petrol pump.

ee also

* Shapinsay
* Balfour Castle

References

External links

[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shapinsay/balfour/index.html Balfour feature page on Undiscovered Scotland]

[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/shapinsay/balfourcastle/index.html Balfour Castle feature page on Undiscovered Scotland]

[http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townfirst4968.html Balfour on the Gazetteer for Scotland]