10/40 Window

The 10/40 Window is a term coined by Christian missionary strategist Luis Bush in 1990cite paper |author=Bush, Luis|url=http://www.ad2000.org/1040broc.htm |title=The 10/40 Window, Getting to the Core of the Core |publisher=AD2000 & Beyond Movement |year=1990 (The original paper)] cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101030630/map/ |title=The 10/40 Window |publisher=Time Magazine |date=2003-06-30. The link is to the map, which is part of an extensive cover story.] to refer those regions of the eastern hemisphere located between 10 and 40 degrees north of the equator, a general area that in 1990 was purported to havethe highest level of socioeconomic challengescite book |title=World FactBook, edition available in 1990. At the time, the authoritative source for socioeconomic and political metrics for every nation. Extreme poverty was denoted as under US$500 per capita GNP (in 1990 dollars). Human suffering was measured by the Quality of Life index, precursor to today's Human Development Index] [See the "Analysis" section of this article for research-based details and cited references.] and least access to the Christian message and Christian resources ["Access" is generally defined using a variety of metrics. What is least controversial is those areas with least access throughout history, as all metrics for such areas are zero or close to zero. Examples of metrics used include the presence of (Christian) work and workers (of any kind, whether community development, health, business, child care, house servants, etc), media in an appropriate language (print, TV, radio, web, etc).,] Operation World provides a concise well-researched/cited data summary for each nation] cite book |last=Barrett|first=David B. |coauthors=Kurian, George T. and Johnson, Todd M. (eds.)|title=World Christian Encyclopedia |origyear=2001|edition=2nd edition |url=http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0195079639.html |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507963-9|pages=1739pp Much of its data is available online at the (cite web |url=http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/|title=World Christian Database|publisher=Brill) Mind-numbing in its details (with some areas of unique value), but the introduction and definitions in the paper edition are quite helpful to understanding.] on the planet.

The 10/40 Window concept highlights these three elements: an area of the world, with great poverty and low quality of life, combined with lack of access to Christian resources.

The Window forms a band encompassing Saharan and Northern Africa, as well as almost all of Asia (West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and much of Southeast Asia). Roughly two-thirds of the world population lives in the 10/40 Window. The 10/40 Window is populated by people who are predominantly Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Animist, Jewish or Atheist. Many governments in the 10/40 Window are formally or informally opposed to Christian work of any kind within their borders.

Origin

This region of the world was previously known to Christians as the "resistant belt," as noted by Luis Bush at the 1989 Lausanne II Conference in Manila. In 1990, Luis' research led to a meeting with the developer of the first PC-based GIS software [Atlas GIS, produced by Strategic Mapping Inc., was the first PC Geographic Information System.cite news|url=http://www.gismonitor.com/news/newsletter/archive/040501.php |title=ESRI Retires ArcCAD and Atlas GIS] . They analyzed the region (see below) using a box between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude and called it the "10/40 Box". A few weeks later, Luis' wife Doris recommended renaming it the "10/40 Window", stating that this region ought to be seen as a "window of opportunity."Fact|date=September 2007 The analysis and concept was a generalization that focuses on a region, not a sharp boundary defining what is a priority, and what is not. For this reason, many missiologists prefer to use the phrase "10/40 Window Region."

Before being called the "resistant belt," the Islamic portions of this region, as well as selected unreached Buddhist and Hindu areas, were referred to as the "unoccupied fields" by Samuel Zwemer, in his book by that same title, published in 1911 [cite book |last=Zwemer|first=Samuel M. |title=The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia|origyear=1911|publisher=New York : Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions|pages=260] .

Controversy

Some object to the very idea of research to discover whether there is a correlation between alleviated human suffering and access to a faith message, calling it "irresponsible at best and racist at worst". [See the discussion for this article.] Others object to such a broad-brush term which seems to imply a unifying characteristic of the Window when in fact no large area of the planet is completely homogenous in cultural attributes.Still others note that correlation is not the same as causality, and correlation studies are scientifically replicable and verifiable.

While the conclusions are unsettling to some, to date the 1990 research data stands uncontested:
* that part of the world was home to the largest populations living in deep poverty and lowest quality of life;
* that part of the world did have least access to Christian resources. Note the emphasis on "access" not "percent Christian". The West has ubiquitous access to such resources; this area of the world does not.

Clearly this research deals in overall population characteristics, with glaring exceptions proving that it is a generalization:
* The Window article refers to the "poorest of the poor" living in that region (based on late-1980's per-capita GNP under US$500). Of 3.0 Billion people living in such poverty-stricken nations, 82% lived in the 10/40 Window. Yet such a result contrasts with 10/40 Window nations such as South Korea and Japan. Today, Japan boasts the world's second largest economy, while South Korea the eleventh. Such nations were strong throughout the late 20th century.
* Geographically, the Window includes the Philippines, a strong Christian nation, and South Korea, home to the largest single congregation church in the world [The largest congregation is in Seoul (Yoido Full Gospel Church) cite news |url=http://mondaymorninginsight.typepad.com/monday_morning_insight_we/2005/05/the_top_10_chur.html |title=The Top 10 Churches in the World (by size); in fact, 11 of the world's 12 largest megachurches are in Seoul cite news |url=http://en.allexperts.com/e/m/me/megachurch.htm |title=Megachurch] , and the second largest missionary sending nation in the world [cite news |url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/ct/2006/march/16.28.html |title=Missions Incredible] . Yet the Window fails to encompass Indonesia, Sri Lanka or Uzbekistan, nations with very little access to Christian resources.

Gaining widespread use

Over the years, the term "10/40 Window" has evolved from a specialist term used by Christian missiologists to assumed vocabulary for Christians in the West [ [http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=792 Becoming Global Christians in the 21st Century By Justin Long - Charisma Magazine] ] (2001), [ [http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=1575 Islam and China's Christmas By David Aikman - Charisma Magazine] ] (2002), [ [http://www.christianitytoday.com/tcw/2003/001/11.12.html Marli Spieker | Today's Christian Woman | Your Life. Your Faith. Your World] ] (2003) [ [http://www.christianitytoday.com/workplace/articles/issue9-faithatwork.html The Faith at Work Movement: Opening "The 9 to 5 Window" - FaithInTheWorkplace.com] ] (2004), [ [http://ncrcafe.org/node/438 Evangelicals look to 10/40 window | National Catholic Reporter Conversation Cafe] ] (2006).

The "10/40 Window" is emerging as a term in the secular press; [ [http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101030630/map/ TIME: The 10/40 Window] ] it can also be found in press style glossaries [ [http://news.adventist.org/styleguide/glossary.html?&template=printer.html ANN Glossary] ] . Non-western writers and organizations also refer to the "10/40 Window" [http://www.macedonian.org.za/info.html] [ [http://www.opendoors.org.za/content/view/239/21/ Welcome to Open Doors South Africa] ] [ko icon [http://mission.swim.org/srilanka/leesh/ Society for world mission/mission network/Srilanka-ŔĚ˝ÂČŻźąąłťç] ]

Those opposed to the idea of evangelism also make use of the term. [ [http://csindy.com/csindy/2003-04-03/cover.html Guerrillas for God : Inside Colorado Springs modern day missionary boot camp : Local News : Cover Story : Colorado Springs Independent : Colorado Springs] ] , [ [http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/04/15/in_touch/index_np.html?pn=2 Onward Christian soldiers - Salon.com] ] [ [http://www.otherwise.net/?page_id=296 otherwise] ]

Analysis

The original 1990 GIS 10/40 Window analysis produced several insights, among them showing that the nations of the 10/40 Window represent (as of the research date):
*82% of the poorest of the world's poor (per capita GNP less than US$500 per year),cite map|publisher=AD2000|title=The Poorest Countries & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB]
*84% of those with lowest quality of life (life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy),cite map|publisher=AD2000|title=Quality of Life & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB]
*the hub of the world's major non-Christian religions (Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc,)cite map|publisher=AD2000|title=Three Religious Blocks & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB] cite map|publisher=AD2000|title=Islam & & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB]
*close to 100% of those who are both most-poor "and" have least-access to Christian resources (two-dimensional analysis)cite map|publisher=AD2000|title=The Poor, The Unevangelized, & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB]
*The least Christian resource investment [Well below 10 percent in any of the study populations. Each of the cited maps provides side data on population, Christian involvement, etc in the various study populations (poor, low quality of life, non-Christian, etc)] and least sharing of the Christian messagecite map|publisher=AD2000|title=The 55 Least Evangelized Countries & The 10/40 Window|edition=August 1, 1990|cartography=GMI/GRDB]

The GIS analysis utilized country-level data from the Operation World almanac, the World Christian Encyclopedia, and the World Factbook.

Non-Christians in the 10/40 Window by Religion

The first edition GIS analysis maps highlighted the three major religious blocks in the 10/40 Window, specifically the majority Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist nations. Population estimates at the time for the year 2000 (from Operation World) were given as:
* 28 Muslim Countries, 1.1 Billion population est (2000)
* 2 Hindu Countries, 1.1 Billion population est (2000)
* 8 Buddhist Countries, 237 Million population est (2000)

[http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/1040.htm Later updates] have been based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of "unreached" non-Christian populations in the Window:
*865 million Muslims or Islamic followers
*550 million Hindus
*275 million Buddhists
*140 million in 2550 tribal groups (mainly animist)
*17 million Jews [Note that this number is higher than the census-based world total of 14 million. However, even authoritative [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html Jewish sources] state that many Jews do not identify themselves in population censuses.]

Nations in the 10/40 Window

The 10/40 Window encompasses Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chad, China, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Sudan, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Western Sahara, and Yemen. These are all eastern hemisphere nations with at least 50 percent of their land mass falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude. See the [http://www.ad2000.org/1040coun.htm list of nations] in the original study.

Notes

References

*cite news |Last=Long |First=Justin |url=http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=792 |title=Islam and China's Christmas |publisher=Charisma Magazine |month=January | year=2001
*cite news |Last=Aikman |First=David |url=http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=1575 |title=Becoming Global Christians in the 21st Century |publisher=Charisma Magazine |month=January | year=2002
*cite news |Last=Walker |First=J Gary |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/tcw/2003/001/11.12.html |title=Marli Spieker, Broadcasting Hope |publisher=Christianity Today |month=April | year=2003
*cite news |Last=Hillman |First=Os |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/workplace/articles/issue9-faithatwork.html |title=The Faith At Work Movement |publisher=Christianity Today |year=2004
*cite news |Last=Allen |First=John L |url=http://ncrcafe.org/node/438 |title=Evangelicals Look To 10/40 Window |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |month=September | year=2006
*cite news |url=http://news.adventist.org/styleguide/glossary.html?&template=printer.html |title=Style Guide Glossary|publisher=Adventist News Network |year=2007
*cite web |url=http://www.macedonian.org.za/info.html |title=Macedonian Project Information|publisher=Macedonian Project|accessdate=2007-03-01
*cite web |url=http://www.opendoors.org.za/content/view/239/21/ |publisher=Open Doors |title=Serving Persecuted Christians Worldwide|accessdate=2007-03-01
*cite web |url=http://mission.swim.org/srilanka/leesh/ |publisher=Society for World Internet Mission |title=Sri Lanka|accessdate=2007-03-01
*cite news |Last=Dicker |First=John |url=http://csindy.com/csindy/2003-04-03/cover.html |title=Guerillas for God |publisher=CS Independent|date=2003-04-03
*cite news |Last=Blumenthal |First=Max |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/04/15/in_touch/index_np.html?pn=2 |title=Onward Christian Soldiers |publisher=Salon|date=2003-04-15
*cite web|author=Han, Ju Hui Judy|url=http://www.otherwise.net/?page_id=296 |title=Geography PhD Dissertation Summary Comix |year=2007|accessdate=2007-03-01

ee also

* Unreached people groups
* The UN Human Development Index which followed from the Quality of Life Index used in the 10/40 Window research (note "Quality of Life & The 10/40 Window" referenced below).

External links

* [http://www.1040window.org Window of Opportunity]
* [http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert.fs/1040.htm Updated statistics, including some relating to 10/40 Window]
* [http://www.gmi.org/products/1040.htm 10/40 Window Maps] Updated data from the original GIS analysis
* [http://www.ten40connect.com Opportunities in the 10/40 Window]