Public Land Commission

The Public Land Commission, a former agency of the United States government, was created following the discovery of gold in California in 1848 to determine the validity of Spanish and Mexican land grants in California. California Senator William M. Gwin presented a bill that, when approved by the Senate and the House, became the Act of March 3, 1851. [Robinson, p. 100] The Act established a three-member Board of Land Commissioners, to be appointed by the President for a three-year term (the period was twice extended by Congress, resulting in a five-year total term of service). Unless grantees presented evidence supporting their title within two years, the property would automatically pass into the public domain. [House Executive Document 46, pp. 1116-1117] This proviso was contrary to Articles VII and IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which guaranteed full protection of all property rights for Mexican citizens. Although the Commission eventually confirmed 604 of the 813 claims received, the cost of litigation forced most Californios to lose their property.

One of the more significant sets of claims was filed on February 19, 1853 on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church by Archbishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany, wherein he sought the return of all former mission lands in the State. Ownership of 1,051.44 acres (for all practical intents being the exact area of land occupied by the original mission buildings, cemeteries, and gardens) was subsequently conveyed to the Church, along with the "Cañada de los Pinos" (or College Rancho) in Santa Barbara County comprising convert|35499.73|acre|km2, and "La Laguna" in San Luis Obispo County, consisting of convert|4157.02|acre|km2. [Robinson, pp. 31-32]

Notes

References

* U.S. Congress. "Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims", 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880, House Executive Document 46.
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