Germans in Omaha, Nebraska

Germans in Omaha immigrated to the city in Nebraska from its earliest days of founding in 1854, in the years after the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. They continued to immigrate to Omaha in large numbers later in the 19th century, when many came from Bavaria and southern Germany. Germans created and maintained a high cultural, social and political profile locally and nationally through the 1930s. In 1890, Germans comprised 23% of Omaha's population. [Larsen, L.H., Cottrell, B.J. and Dalstrom, H.A. (2007) "Upstream Metropolis: An Urban Biography of Omaha and Council Bluffs." University of Nebraska Press. p 122.] By 1910, 57.4% of Omaha's total population of more than 124,000 were of German descent. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 27.]

By 1930 immigration from Germany had virtually ceased. Although Germans comprised the second most numerous group of foreign-born nationals after Czechs, those foreign-born immigrants totaled less than one percent of the total population of the city. [Larsen, L.H., Cottrell, B.J. and Dalstrom, H.A. (2007) "Upstream Metropolis: An Urban Biography of Omaha and Council Bluffs." University of Nebraska Press. p 157.]

German immigrants and German Americans in Omaha had a high rate of literacy. The mostly working class population supported numerous German-language newspapers that had national as well as local distribution in the early 20th century. Germans built and operated several successful breweries in the city, bringing good beer and beer-making skills to the upper Midwest. The German model of public education was established in states throughout the Midwest, which were quickly training teachers in normal schools to expand education in new villages.

Valentin J. Peter, editor of the German-language "Omaha Tribune", was chiefly responsible for the formation and leadership of the National German-American Alliance. This coalition was influential in representing and leading the German-American electorate across the United States between 1912 and 1940. During the early years of WWI, Peter was supportive of Germany and urged German-Americans to be so, too. He changed his position before the US entered the war on the side of Great Britain and France, and supported the Allies. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 17.]

History

The first German in the Omaha area arrived more than 20 years before the city was founded. Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied toured the Missouri River in 1832, and recorded a stay at Cabanne's Trading Post in present-day North Omaha. [Hunt, D.C., Orr, W.J. and Goetzmann, W.H. (eds) (1984) "Karl Bodmer's America." Joslyn Art Museum. p 8.] After arriving in Omaha "en masse" beginning in the 1860s, Germans in Omaha built their own churches. At church and in their businesses, including grocery stores and farm supply shops, they conducted daily life in German for years. Many young German immigrants from Omaha served in the Nebraska battalion during the Civil War, [Scherneckau, A. (2007) "Marching with the First Nebraska: A Civil War Diary." University of Oklahoma Press.] as well as later serving throughout the country.

One early German settler in Omaha was Vincent Burkley. (He anglicized his name). After working as a grocer and farm laborer for three years starting in 1854, he opened his own printing company. He was almost immediately successful. [Larsen, L.H., Cottrell, B.J. and Dalstrom, H.A. (2007) "Upstream Metropolis: An Urban Biography of Omaha and Council Bluffs." University of Nebraska Press. p 76.] Burkley was a member of the Omaha City Council for several years, [(1888) [http://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/andreas/douglas/douglas-p8.html "History of Douglas County."] "Andreas' History of Nebraska." p 8. Retrieved 9/3/07.] as well as the Omaha Board of Education. [(1888) [http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/douglas/douglas-p17.html "History of Douglas County."] "Andreas' History of Nebraska." p 17. Retrieved 9/3/07.]

Communities

In the earliest days of Omaha, the "heart of the German settlement was in the large concentration between South 10th and 13th Streets. Here one could purchase food from several German merchants, including Volkmier's Meat Market, Schmid's Grocery, and the Schube Haus (bakery)... The Emmel House (hotel) and Hottenroth and Bauer Boarding House were also located in this core". [Fimple, K.L. (1989) "An Analysis of the Changing Spatial Dimensions of Ethnic Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska, 1880-1900." University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Department of Geography. p 13.] The area south of the railroad corridor and west of South 16th Street contained an area of German Catholics. This settlement was centered on South 16th Street and Center Street and includes St. Joseph's Church, which was established in 1887 to serve German-speaking Catholics. Protestant Germans settled in a concentration centered on South 11th Street and Center Street and built a German Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886. [Mead and Hunt. (2001) " [http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/reports/omaha_so_central.pdf Reconnaissance survey of portions of south central Omaha] ". City of Omaha. p 6. Retrieved 1/20/08.]

By 1900 Germans lived in more dispersed neighborhoods, including the Near North Side neighborhood, Florence and South Omaha. Within 25 years they lived throughout the city, with large enclaves in the Dundee and Field Club neighborhoods. [Chudacoff, H.P. (1973) "A New Look At Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-Sized City," "The Journal of American History. 60"(1). pp 76-93.] Another "concentration was... near South 19th and Vinton Streets... The Bongardt Meat Market, Schmidt Saloon and Muller’s Hall were located in the 1700 block of Vinton. Wilg Dry Goods was at 1810 Vinton, Strausburgh Druggist at 1822 Vinton, and the Schouboe Bakery at 3130 S. 18th St." [Fimple. (1989) pp 110-13.]

Culture

Germans built several "Deutschekirchen" - German churches - throughout Omaha. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 17.] St. Joseph's was a Roman Catholic parish established in 1901 to serve Omaha's German-speaking Catholics. [ [http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/douglas2.htm "More Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County."] Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 9/3/07.]

The German community in Omaha was literate and large enough to support several German-language newspapers, which also had national distribution. They included the "Omaha Tribune", the "Volkszeitung Tribune", and the "Sonntagspost", which was later called the "AmericaHerold". [ [http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/gernews2.html" German American Reading Room: The Germans in America."] United States Library of Congress. Retrieved 9/3/07.]

Edward Rosewater, the Czech editor at "The Omaha Bee", used the slogan "Germania our Mother, Columbia our Bride" to describe the kind of "dual-sentimentality" many Germans in America felt towards their country of origin. [Carlson, A.C. (2002) [http://www.profam.org/pub/fia/fia_1601-02.htm "Hyphenates, Hausfraus and baby-saving: The Peculiar Legacy of German-America",] "The Family in America. 16"(1/2). Retrieved 9/2/07.] In later years Germans came to Omaha for work and to escape state oppression led by Kaiser Wilhelm in Germany. [Folsom, B.W. (1999) "No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900-1924.] Lexington Books. p 11.]

The German community in Omaha was noted for integrating quickly throughout the city. Period sociological research also identified a range of reluctance among German immigrants, as well as second- and third-generation Germans towards assimilation. [Sullenger, T.E. (1937) "Problems of Ethnic Assimilation in Omaha," "Social Forces. 15"(3) pp. 402-410.] During the early 20th century Germans in Omaha were successful in ensuring that German culture, German history and German language lessons were included in the local public school system. [Kaplan, M.M. (1967) "Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life." p 551.]

Employment

Germans in Omaha were employed in many of the city's manufacturing industries, particularly its brewing sector, which was created by German immigrants. Leading German employers in the city included the Metz Brewery, Krug Brewery and the Storz Brewery. Gottlieb Storz, Frederick Krug and Frederick Metz built the success of their breweries by hiring German brewmeisters and laborers for their skills. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 15.]

Many Germans in the Omaha area also worked at the Union Stockyards, and in farming in Douglas County. [Folsom, B.W. (1999) "No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900-1924.] Lexington Books. p 11.] In 1910 the Union Stockyards reported to the United States Immigration Commission that 14.1% of its workers were German immigrants. [Dillingham, W.P. (1910) "Reports of the Immigration Commission." United States Immigration Commission (1907-1910). p 43. Retrieved 9/3/07.] Numerous Germans worked at German beer gardens, dry goods stores, farms and milling operations throughout the city and Douglas County. [Sullenger, T.E. (1937) "Problems of Ethnic Assimilation in Omaha," "Social Forces. 15"(3) pp. 402-410.] The German work ethic was highly regarded throughout the city. Immigrant workers from Germany were readily employed in Jobbers Canyon and by the railroads in Omaha. [Chudacoff, H.P. (1973) "A New Look At Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium-Sized City," "The Journal of American History. 60"(1). pp 76-93.]

Politics

German-owned breweries in Omaha sought to keep alcohol legal. German voters in Omaha were largely responsible for the election of Nebraska Governor Ashton C. Shallenberger in 1908, as Shallenberger ran on an anti-Prohibition slate. After he was elected, however, Shallenberger became pro-Prohibition. Temperance was strongly supported in most of Nebraska for 30 years before the national Prohibition movement. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 16.] A statewide election seeking a prohibition of alcohol in 1890 won in almost every county across the state, except Omaha's Douglas County. The German vote there was credited for keeping the state "wet" during that period. [Folsom, B.W. (1999) "No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900-1924.] Lexington Books. p 15.] When William Jennings Bryan returned to Nebraska after his third unsuccessful Presidential campaign in 1908 to advocate for Prohibition, he became "the arch enemy of "das Deutschtum"." [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 17.]

National German-American Alliance

In July 1910 Germans in Omaha rallied with other immigrant organizations across the city to create the National German-American Alliance. At least 54 social, farming and cultural organizations from around Omaha were represented at the first meeting. This alliance brought together many German organizations around Omaha in July 1911 at the city's annual "Sängerfest", which was a dance and rally for more than 5,000 attendees. By masking political objectives within a German cultural event, National German-American Alliance leaders were able to openly politicize the event without scrutiny from the mainstream press. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 17.]

Bavarian-born Valentin J. Peter was the publisher of a German-language newspaper called the "Omaha Tribüne". In 1914 Peter led the National German-American Alliance in strong opposition to women's suffrage during a statewide election on the issue. The "Omaha Tribune" editor denounced the effort as "chiefly... to introduce state prohibition with the help of these women's voices." [Folsom, B.W. (1999) "No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900-1924.] Lexington Books. p 86.]

In the years leading up the US entry into World War I, tensions in Europe were reflected in the US. During a 1915 address to the National German-American Alliance, Valentin Peter said,Such expression of pro-German feelings by German immigrants aroused anti-German sentiment in the many Americans who favored the British as allies. [ [http://www.theseverts.net/German.htm "Our German Heritage"] Retrieved 9/3/07.] Nonetheless, in 1916, the Vice-President of the National German-American Alliance openly chastised President Woodrow Wilson for pro-Ally actions at the beginning of the War.

World War I

By the outbreak of World War I, some Americans were concerned about divided loyalties of German immigrants and their descendants. A nativist movement affected Omaha. The Federal government enforced the Alien and Sedition Acts against Germans nationals. Germans who were not American citizens were required to register with the Federal government as "Alien Enemies". [Larsen, L. & Cotrell, B. (1997). "The gate city: A history of Omaha." University of Nebraska Press. P 159.] Although Valentin Peter had earlier been a supporter of Germany against Great Britain, by the outbreak of the war, the editor of the "Omaha Tribüne"had become an ardent supporter of United States' involvement in World War I on the side of Great Britain.

Anti-German feelings ran high in Nebraska because of the war. A historian noted, "German books were destroyed. The legislature prohibited the use of foreign languages on the public streets or on the telephone and prohibited schools from using or even teaching foreign languages below the eighth grade. Wartime patriots initiated both official and vigilante action against German immigrants." [Cherny, R.W. (1990) "Nebraska, 1883-1925: Cather’s Version and History’s." in "Willa Cather: Family, Community, and History." Murphy, J.J., Adams, L.H., and Rawlins, P. Brigham Young University. p 233.] When the United States entered the war, most general businesses and churches ceased conducting affairs in German due to nativist sentiment. They did not want to appear less than loyal to the US. [Luebke, F.C. (1970) "Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880-1900," "The Western Historical Quarterly. 1"(4) pp 445-446.] This sentiment seeped into the general Nebraska population.

Post-War

Anti-German sentiment contributed to passage of a 1919 state law that enforced teaching in English. By law, "No person, individually or as a teacher, shall, in any private, denominational, parochial or public school, teach any subject to any person in any language than the English language." [ [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/Meyer%20v%20Nebraska%20(1923).html "U.S. Supreme Court: MEYER v. STATE OF NEBRASKA, 262 U.S. 390 (1923)"] . University of Kansas City. Retrieved 9/3/07.] Robert Meyer was found to violate this law because he taught German. He was taken to court by the State of Nebraska. Although his appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court failed, the U.S. Supreme Court in "Meyer v. Nebraska" determined that Meyer had the right to teach the German language as a subject, and to teach it in German.

By 1919 open discrimination against Germans throughout Omaha was taking hold. Many German-language newspapers were forced to change to English, or to close. [Folsom, B.W. (1999) "No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900-1924". Lexington Books. p 112.]

Political influence

After the First World War, Germans in America sought to regain their political influence, and they succeeded. Both Valentin Peter, editor of the "Omaha Tribüne", and the National German-American Alliance gained enough political clout to influence United States presidential campaigns. In 1920, immediately after the 1920 United States presidential election in November, Peter came under scrutiny by the United States Senate, and was called to testify on his involvement in the campaign. According to Peter's testimony, he flipped to supporting Calvin Coolidge in exchange for $12,500. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 64.] Later, during the 1928 presidential election, the Democratic National Committee enlisted Peter to join to show the support of German-Americans for Al Smith. There were deep divides among Germans in America in politics and many cultural issues. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 66.] [Luebke, Frederick C. (1969) "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910-1917." "Nebraska History. 49" pp 165-85.]

World War II

By this period there were few first generation German immigrants. German Americans had national spokesmen who often provided conflicting political messages. They reflected the wide variety of opinions held by German Americans as they had assimilated into American life. Period sociologists noted the multiplicity of opinions as demonstrating the process of American assimilation among Germans in America. [Sullenger, T.E. (1937) "Problems of Ethnic Assimilation in Omaha," "Social Forces. 15"(3) pp. 402-410.] Many German-Americans were completely assimilated into American society. By World War II, many of the distinctive institutions of German society in Omaha, such as stores, German-language churches, and social groups, had disappeared or become less exclusive of other groups. [Luebke, F.C. (1999) "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration." University of Illinois Press. p 66.]

Legacies

thumb|right|300px|Distribution of German Americans according to the 2000 census. "Notice the Omaha area."

The experience of German immigrants in Omaha and throughout Nebraska is said to have deeply influenced Willa Cather. She addressed the assimilation, discrimination and community of Germans in several of her stories. [Rives, D. [http://cather.unl.edu/scholarship/mt/Spring2001/WePossessed.html "We Possessed Together the Communicable Past: Articulating the Connections among Cather, Omaha, Rural Nebraska, and my Family History."] The Willa Cather Archives. Retrieved 9/3/07.]

The inventor of the Reuben sandwich was a German American who lived in Omaha. [Rader, J. [http://rowlandweb.com/reuben/history.asp "The Reuben Sandwich"] Merriam-Webster Inc. Retrieved 9/3/07.] "Omaha Tribune" editor Val Peter's company, the Interstate Printing Company, is still operated today by the Peter family in Omaha. [ [http://interstateprinting.com/id4.html "Company History"] , Interstate Printing Company. Retrieved 9/3/07.] The "Volkszeitung Tribune" was a German-language newspaper that was published in Omaha from the late 1800s through the 1980s. [Arndt, K.J.R. and Olson, M.E. (1976) "The German Language Press of the Americas 1732-1968: A History and Bibliography." 2nd volume. Verlag Dokumentation. p 743.] A German Old People's Home was located in Omaha for almost 100 years. A home for elderly people of German heritage, it was operated as a charitable, non-profit corporation by twenty-seven trustees, all descendants of German immigrants. [ [http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/business/german-home.htm "German Old Folks' Home"] , Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 6/10/08.]

Current

St. Joseph's Catholic Parish, located at 1723 South 17th Street in South Omaha, continues with parishioners of German heritage comprising a large percentage of the church's membership. [ [http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/douglas2.htm "More Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County."] Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 9/3/07.]

The German-American Society, located at 3717 South 120th Street in West Omaha, continues to hold regular events, teach German traditions and observe special celebrations. Its location in a more suburban area represents the long-established assimilation of German Americans.

Notable Germans and German-Americans in Omaha

ee also

*History of Omaha
* Krug Brewery
* Metz Brewery
* Storz Brewery

References

External links

* [http://www.germanamericansociety.org German-American Society of Omaha]
* [http://www.gahfusa.org/ German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA in Washington, DC]