Dudley W. Morton

Commander Dudley "Mush" Morton

Morton speaks with his executive officer, Richard O'Kane on the bridge of the Wahoo ca. February 7, 1943

Dudley Walker Morton (July 17, 1907 – October 11, 1943) was a submarine commander of the United States Navy during World War II. He was commander of USS Wahoo (SS-238) during its third through seventh patrols. Wahoo was one of the most-celebrated submarines of World War II, sinking at least 19 Japanese ships, more than any other submarine of the time.^[1] Morton and Wahoo disappeared in 1943 during a patrol near La Perouse Strait, and was ultimately declared deceased three years later.

A native of Owensboro, Kentucky, Morton graduated from the Naval Academy in 1930. There he received the nickname "Mushmouth", after a character in the cartoon strip Moon Mullins whose large square jaw and prominent mouth resembled Morton's. The nickname was shortened to "Mush", by which he was known for much of his life.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Prior to the beginning of World War II, he served in the USS Saratoga (CV-3), USS Chicago (CA-29), USS Canopus (AS-9), USS Fairfax (DD-93), and the submarines USS R-5 (SS-82) and USS S-37 (SS-142).

Promoted to Commander October 15, 1942, he was in nominal command of USS Dolphin (SS-169) while it underwent extended repairs at Pearl Harbor. He was relieved to make a war patrol in USS Wahoo (SS-238) between November 8 and December 26 as prospective commanding officer, a supernumerary position to prepare him for command of a fleet boat. Morton took command of Wahoo on December 31 in Brisbane, Australia. Between January 26, 1943 and October 11, he carried out four offensive patrols,during which Wahoo was responsible for sinking 19 cargo and transport ships for a combined total of 55,000 tons.

During Wahoo's third war patrol, Morton was responsible for an incident which resulted in shipwrecked soldiers in about twenty lifeboats^[2] of sunken Japanese transport Bunyo Maru^[3] being fired on while in the water. O'Kane, who was on Wahoo's bridge when the incident took place, likened to attacks on small craft made during the Dunkirk evacuation, and for the same reason: to prevent an enemy from recovering a body of troops that would shortly fight again.^[4] However, the Hague Convention of 1907 bans the killing of shipwreck survivors under any circumstances.^[5]

Controversy still attaches to this action, since survivors in the water may have been deliberately targeted. Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, the contemporary COMSUBPAC, asserts survivors were army troops and turned machinegun and rifle fire on Wahoo while she maneuvered on the surface, and such resistance was common in submarine warfare.^[6] Morton's exec, Richard O'Kane, stated fire from Wahoo was intended to force the troops to abandon their boats and no troops were deliberately targeted.^[7] Clay Blair states Morton opened fire first and the shipwrecked returned fire with handguns.^[8]

Whatever the case, Morton and O'Kane had mis-identified the survivors as Japanese. In fact, they were mainly Indian POWs of 2nd Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment, plus escorting forces from the 26th Field Ordnance Depot.^[9] Of 1,126 men aboard Buyo Maru, just 195 Indians and 87 Japanese died in all, including those killed in the initial sinking.^[10] The low number suggests O'Kane's defense, that Morton fired only on the boats, may be correct.^[11] It proved a rare occurrence, in any event.^[12]

Unlike German submariner Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, who was executed as a war criminal for ordering the killing of civilian shipwreck survivors, Morton did not face any criminal liability for his alleged actions. O'Kane believed this event prevented Morton from being awarded the Medal of Honor.^[13]

After three arduous war patrols, Morton was given the highly dangerous assignment of penetrating the Sea of Japan. Commander Morton was reported missing in action in December, when his submarine was presumed lost. After the war, it was determined from Japanese records that, on October 11, in the time frame in which the Wahoo was expected to exit through La Perouse Strait, an antisubmarine aircraft found a surfaced submarine and attacked, dropping three depth charges.^[14]

Declared deceased on January 7, 1946, Morton had been awarded the Navy Cross, three gold stars in lieu of a second, third, and fourth Navy Cross, and the Army Distinguished Service Cross.

In popular culture

In 1960 Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., ComSubPac during the war, was asked to write the foreword for former Wahoo crewmember Forest Sterling's book, Wake of the Wahoo. He wrote about Morton, "When a natural leader and born daredevil such as Mush Morton is given command of a submarine, the result can only be a fighting ship of the highest order, with officers and men who would follow their skipper to the Gates of Hell…. And they did." Added Lockwood, "Morton lined up an impressive number of 'firsts' during the short ten months that he commanded Wahoo: first to penetrate an enemy harbor and sink a ship therein; first to use successfully a down the throat shot; and first to wipe out an entire convoy single-handed."

Namesake

The destroyer USS Morton (DD-948) was named in his honor.

See also

• Anthony Miers
• Heinz-Wilhelm Eck

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	United States Navy portal

References

1. ^ A WWII Submarine Finally Comes Home
2. ^ Bridgland p115-129.
3. ^ Holwitt, Joel I. "Execute Against Japan", Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, p.287.
4. ^ O'Kane. Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most famous WWII Submarine. pp. 153–154. 
5. ^ CONVENTION FOR THE ADAPTATION TO MARITIME WAR OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE GENEVA CONVENTION, Article 16
6. ^ Lockwood, p...
7. ^ O'Kane, Richard (1987). Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous WWII Submarine. Presidio Press. 
8. ^ Blair, pp.384-386.
9. ^ Holwitt, p.288; DeRose, James F. Unrestricted Warfare (John Wiley & Sons, 2000), pp.287-288.
10. ^ Holwitt, p.289; DeRose, pp.77 & 94.
11. ^ Holwitt, p.289fn29; O'Kane, Wahoo!, pp.153-154. If so, it differed dramatically from the strafing of Japanese troops in the water at the Battle of the Bismarck Sea.
12. ^ Blair, p.360; Holwitt, p.289.
13. ^ DeRose, James F. (2000). "Unrestricted Warfare: How a New Breed of Officers Led the Submarine Force to Victory in World War II". John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 
14. ^ United States Submarine Losses, World War II - Wahoo (SS 238)

External links

• history.navy.mil: USS Morton
• USS Morton website biography
• Page on the third patrol controversy on warfish.com, a site about Wahoo
• Geneva Convention Article 16
• Submarine atrocities(Archived 2009-10-25)

Persondata
Name	Morton, Dudley
Alternative names
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Date of birth	July 17, 1907
Place of birth
Date of death	October 11, 1943
Place of death