Majangir

Majangir is used as the label for both the people, and the language they speak.

The Majangir people live in southwestern Ethiopia and speak a Nilo-Saharan language of the Surmic cluster. The 1998 census gave the total of the Majangir population as 15,341, but since they live scattered in the hills in dispersed settlements (Stauder 1971), their actual total number is undoubtedly much higher.

Culture

They traditionally lived in small groups, farming for 3 to 5 years, then moving on as the fertility of the soil diminished (Stauder 1971). They were active bee keepers, collecting honey from hives consisting of hollowed logs placed in trees. They did some hunting and snaring of game and trapping of fish. They raised the bulk of their own food by farming, animals providing only a small part of their diet.

Food production has changed since Stauder's time. The single most obvious change is that people are now living in permanent settlements. Livestock was not traditionally raised, but many Majangir have begun small scale livestock raising since about 1980. In addition, they have begun planting fruit and coffee trees, plants that take a number of years to produce a crop.

The Majangir traditionally had a very egalitarian society, with no standing political leaders (Stauder 1971, 1972). The only people in official positions were people in the role of "tapad" (final implosive d), who served as ritual leaders. These were from the Meelanir clan, a group has links with similar-named privileged clans in other Surmic groups (Unseth and Abbink 1998).

In case of a serious disagreement, one party would simply move away. There was no standard social reconciliation mechanism as is found in highland Ethiopian cultures.

The Majangir have over 70 clans, with clan identity passed down through the male line. A person cannot marry a person from the same clan (exogamy), nor should they marry a person from their mother's clan (Stauder 1971, Unseth 1998a).

The Majangir traditionally made two kinds of alcoholic drink: one from grain "tááján" (cf. tella) and one from honey "ògòòl" (cf. tej; Teramoto et al., 2005).

The Majangir have traditionally used a number of musical instruments, sometimes to accompany singing and sometimes played without. Their instruments include a five-string lyre, thumb piano, drum, rattles, panflute. In addition, they play a vertically suspended marimba with as few as three wooden bars, but this is seen as a way of passing time, especially when guarding fields, rather than an instrument for music.

Their vocal music includes singing of both harmonies and antiphonal parts. Often, this results in two parts being sung by women and two parts by men.

Changes are happening rapidly to their traditional way of life. Since about 1971, many Majangir have become Christians (Hoekstra 2003 and Sato 2002). Further, since the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991, with its subsequent remapping of Ethiopia by ethnic lines, the Majangir have felt very marginalized politically, their territory now divided among three "kalil" or administrative Regions (Sato 2000 and 2002). This frustration has led to some armed fighting with the government (Vaughan 2003:268).

= Language =

The Majangir language (Majang language) is part of the Surmic cluster, however it is the most isolated language in that cluster (Harold C. Fleming 1983). A language survey has shown that dialect variation from north to south is minor and does not seriously impede communication

The language has implosive consonants (bilabial and retroflex), but no ejective consonants (Bender 1983). There are nine vowels, and length of duration of the vowel is also distinctive, such as "goopan" 'punishment' and "gopan" 'road'. In addition, two tones also distinguish meaning, on both the word level and the grammatical level: "táŋ" (higher tone) 'cow', "tàŋ" (lower tone) 'abcess'.

Bibliography

* Bender, M. Lionel, 1983. "Majang Phonology and Morphology," in M. Lionel Bender, (ed.), "Nilo-Saharan Language Studies", pp. 114-47. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, African Studies Center.
* Fleming, Harold, 1983. "Surmic etymolgies" in "Nilotic Studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples", Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, 524-555. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
* Hoekstra, Harvey. 2003. From "knotted strings" to talking Bibles. Pasadena: William Carey Library.
* Sato, Ren'ya, 1997. "Christianization through Villagization: Experiences of Social Change among the Majangir," "Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of 13th International Ethiopian Studies", vol.2.
* Sato, Ren'ya, 1997. "Formation of Histrical Consciousness among the Majangir : A Preliminary View with an Analysis of a narrative on the Majangir History," "Swahili & African Studies".
* Ren'ya Sato. 1995. "Seasonal Labor Allocation and Diversification Strategy of Swedden Agricultural System: A Report from the Majangir, Southwest Ethiopia," "Human Geography" 47: 541-561.
* Ren'ya Sato. 2000. "Ethiopian Decentralization and a Peripheral People : A Dispute Over Regional Borders and the Disruption of a Certain Development Project," "Africa Report" 30 12-15
* Ren'ya Sato. 2002. "Evangelical Christianity and ethnic consciousness" in "Majangir. Remapping Ethiopia Socialism and After", edited by Wendy James, Donald L. Donham, Eisei Kurimoto, and Allesandro Triulzi. James Currey Ltd.
* Stauder, Jack. 1971. "The Majangir: Ecology and Society of a Southwest Ethiopian People". London: Cambridge University Press.
* Stauder, Jack. 1972. "Anarchy and Ecology: Political Society among the Majangir", "Southwestern Journal of Anthropology", 28.2, pp. 153-168.
* Teramoto Y., Sato R., and Ueda S. 2005. "Characteristics of fermentation yeast isolated from traditional Ethiopian honey wine, ogol." "African Journal of Biotechnology", 4 (2), pp. 160-163.
* Unseth, Peter. 1988. "Majang Nominal Plurals: With Comparative Notes," "Studies in African Linguistics" 19.1:75-91.
* Unseth, Peter. 1989. "Sketch of Majang Syntax," "Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics", M. Lionel Bender, ed., pp. 97-127. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 3. Series editor Franz Rottland.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
* Unseth, Peter. 1998a. "Notes on Clan, Kinship, and Marriage Patterns Among the Majangir," in "Surmic Languages and Cultures", ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 145-178. Köln: Köppe.
* Unseth, Peter. 1998b. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic," "Surmic Languages and Cultures", ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113-126. Köln: Köppe.
* Unseth, Peter and Jon Abbink. 1998. "Cross-ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups: The Case of the Mela," in "Surmic Languages and Cultures", ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 103-112. Köln: Köppe.
* Vaughan, Sarah. 2003. " [http://www.addisvoice.com/resources/Ethnicity-and-power.pdf Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia.] " Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.