Fukushima Yasumasa

Infobox Military Person
name=Baron Fukushima Yasumasa
lived= 27 May 1852 - 19 February 1919
placeofbirth=Matsumoto, Shinano Province, Japan
placeofdeath=Tokyo, Japan


caption= Viscount Fukushima Yasumasa
nickname=
allegiance=Empire of Japan
branch=
serviceyears=1874-1908
rank=General
commands=
unit=
battles=Satsuma Rebellion
First Sino-Japanese War
Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
awards=Knight-Commander of the Order of the Bath
family=
laterwork=

Baron nihongo| Yasumasa Fukushima|福島安正| Fukushima Yasumasa|extra=27 May 1852 – 19 February 1919 was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He is regarded as one of the founders of the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services, also known as the Kempeitai.

Biography

Fukushima was born to a "samurai" family; his father was a retainer to the "daimyo" of Matsumoto, in Shinano Province (modern Nagano Prefecture). He came to Edo (later Tokyo) to attend the "Kobusho" military school for the sons of "daimyo" and "hatamoto" located in Tsukiji. This school was the forerunner of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He graduated in 1874, and participated in the Satsuma Rebellion as an official “war correspondent”. His quick mind and ability to get along well with people earned him a posting at the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff at an early age, and he was sent to the United States as a military attaché in 1876. Returning to Japan in 1876, he was commissioned as a lieutenant.

During the next years, he traveled extensively, visiting Mongolia in 1879, serving as military attaché to Beijing from 1882-1884. He was a staff officer of the Japanese First Army when the First Sino-Japanese War broke out.

After the war, Fukushima visited British India and Burma on an extensive tour from 1886-1887. In 1887, he was promoted to major, and sent as military attaché to Berlin. On this trip in 1892, he was accompanied by Prince Saionji Kinmochi. Fukushima, who spoke 10 languages fluently, was a popular figure in German society during his stay in Berlin. Fukushima made a reputation during his stay in Berlin, for winning all manner of wagers involving feats of arms or physical strength. He later claimed that the reason for his long ride across Russia was a wager made over drinks against some German cavalry majors. (The story is probably an invention, as some historians claim that Fukushima never drank alcohol, and in any case it is not recorded whether or not Fukushima ever collected on the wager). In any case, Fukushima was an admirer of Colonel Burnaby, a British cavalry officer, who had made an epic ride to Khiva in 1874 after receiving word that the Russians had closed the border to Turkistan. Fukushima also shared Burnaby's political views that Russia was the chief enemy of both Great Britain and Japan.

For his return to Japan, he chose to make an epic crossing of two continents on horseback, from Berlin to Vladivostok. The trip took one year and four months, and had as one of its objectives, inspecting the construction of the still under construction Trans-Siberian Railway as well as gathering intelligence of the local infrastructure, command and control, along the way. During this journey, on 1 March 1893 prior to entering Manchuria, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. The story of his 14,000 kilometer ride made him a Japanese national hero, and earned him the Order of the Sacred Treasures, third class. After his return to Japan from his ride across Asia, Fukushima donated his horses to Ueno Zoo in Tokyo, where they quickly became famous tourist attractions.

Fukushima subsequently saw service in the Boxer Rebellion (1900), where he was in command of Japanese forces in Tianjin, as well as the Foreign Legation. Afterwards, he returned briefly to the Imperial Japanese Army Academy to study under the German General Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel.

As a General Staff officer after the war, he visited Egypt, Ottoman Turkey, Persia, Arabia, India, Burma, Siam and Turkistan. In 1902, he represented Emperor Meiji at the coronation of King Edward VII of Great Britain, and participated in secret diplomatic negotiations behind the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. He was awarded an honorary Knight-Commander of the Order of the Bath.

Fukushima also served with distinction in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), and in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).

In 1907, Fukushima was elevated to the title of "danshaku" (baron) under the "kazoku" peerage system. In 1914, he was promoted to general and was transferred to the second reserve. After the transfer, he served as vice-president of the Association of Reservists.

Fukushima was on good terms with fellow poet and spy General Akashi Motojiro, and although not close friends, the two men shared ideas on the long term needs of the Japanese secret services in the Asian area. Fukushima even composed a poem titled “From Fallen Petal to Rising Star”, in which he honored a prostitute who became a patriot through her intelligence gathering activities.

Fukushima died at age 67 and his grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo. The Matsumoto City Museum in Matsumoto, Nagano, preserves some his personal artifacts, including his riding crop.

References

*cite book
last = Coox
first = Alvin
year = 1990
title = Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
publisher = Stanford University Press
location =
id = 0804718350
*cite book
last = Deacon
first = Richard
year = 1983
title = A History of the Japanese Secret Service
publisher = Berkley Publishing Company
location = New York
id = 0-425-07458-7
*cite book
last = Harries
first = Meirion
year = 1994
title = Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army
publisher = Random House; Reprint edition
location =
id = 0-679-75303-6

External links

*cite web
last = National Diet Library
first =
url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/186.html?c=0
title = Portrait of Yasumasa Fukushima
work = Portraits of Modern Historical Figures