- Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines)
:"See also:
amparo (law) ."TheWrit of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines) arePrerogative writ s to supplement the inefficacy ofPhilippine Habeas Corpus (Rule 102, Revised Rules of Court). Amparo means protection, whileHabeas Data is access to information. Both were conceived to solve the extensive Philippine extra-judicial killings andforced disappearances since 1999. [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/benchmark/2007/07/070717.php Supremecourt.gov.ph, National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances Summary of Recommendations] ]On
July 16 ,2007 , Philippine Chief JusticeReynato Puno and JusticeAdolfo Azcuna officially declared the legal conception of the Philippine Writ of Amaro – "Recurso de Amparo", at the historicManila Hotel National Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and EnforcedDisappearances . [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/benchmark/2007/07/070701.php Supremecourt.gov.ph,Summit on Extrajudicial Killings Sows Hope] ] [ [http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/talkofthetown/view_article.php?article_id=78036 Extrajudicial killings, ‘View from the mountaintop’] ]On
August 25 ,2007 , Reynato Puno (at the College of Law of Siliman University inDumaguete City) declared the legal conception of amparo's twin, the supplemental Philippine Habeas Data. Puno by judicial fiat proclaimed the legal birth of these twin peremptory writs on October, 2007, as his legacy to the Filipino nation. Puno admitted the inefficacy of Habeas Corpus, under Rule 102, Rules of Court, since government officers repeatedly failed to produce the body upon mere submission of the defense of alibi. By invoking the truth, Habeas Data will not only compel military and government agents to release information about thedesaparecidos but require access to military and police files. Reynato Puno's "writ of amparo" -- Spanish for protection -- will bar military officers in judicial proceedings to issue denial answers regarding petitions on disappearances or extrajudicial executions, which were legally permitted in Habeas corpus proceedings. [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85704 Inquirer.net, SC drafting writ of habeas data invoking right to truth] ]The
Supreme Court of the Philippines announced that the draft guidelines (Committee on Revision of Rules) for the writ of amparo were approved onSeptember 23 , to be deliberated by the En Banc Court onSeptember 25 . [ [http://news.balita.ph/html/article.php/20070922123746082 News.balita.ph, Draft Guidelines on Writ of Amparo approved on September 23] ]Origin
Mexican amparo
Chief Justice Reynato Puno noted that the model for Amparo was borrowed from
Mexico : the Writ of Amparo is a Mexican legal procedure to protecthuman rights . [ [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162(194601)243%3C107%3ATWOAMP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 Links.jstor.org, The Writ of Amparo - Mexican Procedure to Protect Human Rights] ] Of Mexican origin, thusly, “Amparo” literally means “protection” inSpanish . [ [Barker, R., “Constitutionalism in the Americas: A Bicentennial Perspective,” 49 University of Pittsburgh Law Review (Spring, 1988) 891, 906.] ] de Tocqueville’s "Democracy in America" had been available in Mexico, in1837 and its description ofjudicial review practice in the U.S. appealed to many Mexicanjurists . [ [Id., citing Zamudio, F., “A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo,” 9 California Western International Law Journal (1979) 306, 309] ] Mexican justice Manuel Crescencio Rejón, drafted a constitutional provision for his native state,Yucatan , which empowered jurists to protect all persons in the enjoyment of their constitutional and legal rights. This was incorporated into the1847 national constitution. [ [“At the time it adopted Rejón’s amparo, Yucatan had separated itself from Mexico. After a few months, the secession ended and the state resumed its place in the union.” (Barker, R., supra at 906.)] ] [ [Acta de Reformas, art. 25 (1847) (amending Constitution of 1824).] ] The great writ proliferated in theWestern Hemisphere , slowly evolving into various fora. Amparo became, in the words of a Mexican Federal Supreme Court Justice, Mexico’s “task of conveying to the world’s legal heritage that institution which, as a shield of human dignity, her own painful history conceived.” [ [Rule on the Writ of Amparo: Annotation, p. 45. See Article 107 of the Constitution of Mexico; Article 28(15) of the Constitution of Ecuador; Article 77 of the Constitution of Paraguay; Article 43 of the Constitution of Argentina; Article 49 of the Constitution of Venezuela; Article 48 (3) of the Constitution of Costa Rica; and Article 19 of the Constitution of Bolivia.] ] [ [Provost, R., supra at 698, citing Ramirez, F., “The International Expansion of the Mexican Amparo,” 1 Inter-American Law Review (1959) 163, 166.] ]Amparo's evolution and metamorphosis had been witnessed, for several purposes: "(1) amparo libertad for the protection of personal freedom, equivalent to the habeas corpus writ; (2) amparo contra leyes for the judicial review of the constitutionality of statutes; (3) amparo casacion for the judicial review of the constitutionality and legality of a judicial decision; (4) amparo administrativo for the judicial review of administrative actions; and (5) amparo agrario for the protection of peasants’ rights derived from the agrarian reform process." [ [Rule on the Writ of Amparo: Annotation, p. 45; see also Zagaris, B., “The Amparo Process in Mexico,” 6 Mexico Law Journal (Spring 1998) 61, 66 and Provost, R., supra at 708-709.] ]
Latin America n countries, exceptCuba , used the great writ to protect against human rights abuses especially committed in countries undermilitary juntas , adopting an all-encompassing amparo, even to protect socio-economic rights. But other countries like Colombia, Chile, Germany and Spain, opted to limit amparo shield only to some constitutional guarantees or fundamental rights. [ [Brewer-Carias, A., “The Latin American Amparo Proceeding and the Writ of Amparo in the Philippines,” Second Distinguished Lecture, Series of 2007, Supreme Court, Philippine Judicial Academy in coordination with the Philippine Association of Law Schools, March 7, 2008.] ] In the Philippines, while the 1987Constitution of the Philippines failed to expressly provide for amparo, several amparo protections are already guaranteed, thusly: by paragraph 2, Article VIII, Section 1, the "Grave Abuse Clause" - which grants a similar general protection to human rights extended by the amparo contra leyes, amparo casacion, and amparo administrativo. Amparo libertad is similar tohabeas corpus in the 1987 Constitution. The Clause is borrowed from the U.S.common law tradition ofjudicial review (1803 case ofMarbury v. Madison ). [ [See 1987 Phil. Const. Art. III, §§ 13 & 15; Art. VII, § 18; Art. VIII, § 5(1).] ] [ [ 5 U.S. 137 (1803). See Gormley, K. “Judicial Review in the Americas: Comments on the United States and Mexico,” 45 Duquesne Law Review (Spring, 2007) 393.] ] Justice Adolfo Azcuna, a member of two Constitutional Commissions of 1971, and 1986 previously made a study on the writ amparo as published in theAteneo Law Journal (see Adolfo S. Azcuna, The Writ of Amparo: A Remedy to Enforce Fundamental Rights, 37 ATENEO L.J. 15 (1993).). [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/Annotation_amparo.pdf supremecourt.gov, ANNOTATION TO THE WRIT OF AMPARO] ]The "recurso de amparo" is an exhaustive remedy which originated from
Latin America 'sMexican ,Chile andArgentina legal systems, "inter alia". Mexico's amparo is found in Articles 103 and 107 of theMexican Constitution -- thejudicial review of governmental action, to empower state courts to protect individuals against state abuses. Amparo was sub-divided into 5 legal departments::(a) the Liberty Amparo ("amparo de libertad");
(b) the Constitutionality Amparo ("amparo contra leyes");
(c) the Judicial or “"Cassation"” Amparo, aimed at the constitutionality of a judicial interpretation;
(d) the Administrative Amparo ("amparo como contencioso-administrativo"); and
(e) the Agrarian Amparo ("amparo en matera agraria, ejidal y comunal"). [ [http://services.inquirer.net/express/07/09/03/html_output/xmlhtml/20070903-86232-xml.html Inquirer.net, Joaquin G. Bernas, The Mexican amparo] ]Argentine amparo
Amparo was also legally enshrined in
Latin America legal systems. It is now an extra-ordinary legal remedy inBolivia ,Chile ,Costa Rica ,Ecuador ,El Salvador ,Guatemala ,Honduras ,Nicaragua ,Panama ,Paraguay Peru ,Brazil andArgentina . Amparo in Argentina is a limited, summary, emergency procedure, and merely supplementary, requiring previous exhaustion of administrative remedies before rendition of judgment ofmandamus orinjunction . The decisionbars monetary awards and penal provisions exceptcontempt or declaration of unconstitutionality. [ [http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view_article.php?article_id=87599 Inquirer.net, Joaquin G. Bernas, The Argentine amparo] ]Habeas Corpus
Historically,
Philippine Habeas Corpus (from 1901 until the present) miserably failed to produce efficacious legal remedy for victims of extrajudicial killings anddesaparecidos . The "amparo de libertad" transcends the protection ofhabeas corpus . Once alawsuit is filed under Habeas Corpus, Rule 102, Rules of Court, the defendants, government officers would merely submit the usual defense of alibi or non-custody of the body sought to be produced. [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/court%20issuances/rules/index.php Supremecourt.gov.ph, Rules of Court] ] [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/rulesofcourt/RULES%20OF%20COURT.htm#rule_102 Supremecourt.gov.ph, Rule 102, Rules of Court, Habeas Corpus] ] The 1987 PhilippineConstitution , however, empowers theSupreme Court of the Philippines to promulgate amparo andHabeas Data , as part of the Rules of Court expressly: “"Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights."” (Sec. 5, (5), Article VIII, 1987, Constitution) [ [http://www.chanrobles.com/rulesofcourtspecialproceedings.htm#RULE%20102 Chan Robles, Rule 102, Rules of Court] ] [ [http://www.chanrobles.com/article8.htm ChanRobles, Article VIII, Judiciary, 1987 Constitution] ]The writ of habeas corpus is an "extraordinary", "common law", or "
Prerogative writ "s", which were historically issued by the courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom. The most common of the other such prerogative writs are "quo warranto ", "prohibito ", "mandamus ", "procedendo ", and "certiorari ". [cite web
url=http://www.constitution.org/writ/writs.htm
title=Common Law Writs
publisher=www.constitution.org
accessdate=2007-10-04 (in the context of U.S. law)] failed verification|date=October 2007The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal, because they incorporate the presumption of nonauthority, [cite web
url=http://www.constitution.org/9ll/schol/pnur.htm
title=Presumption of Nonauthority and Unenumerated Rights
author=Jon Roland
publisher=www.constitution.org
accessdate=2007-10-04] so that the official who is the respondent has the burden to prove his authority to do or not do something, failing which the court has no discretion but to decide for the petitioner, who may be any person, not just an interested party.National Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances
On
July 16 , 2007, Justices, activists, militant leaders, police officials, politicians andprelates attended theSupreme Court of the Philippines 's 2-day summit at theManila Hotel ,Metro Manila to solve extrajudicial killings. Chief Justice Reynato Puno stated that the "National Consultative Summit on Extrajudicial Killings and Forced Disappearances: Searching for Solutions" would help stop the murders. Based onCBCP -Bishop Deogracias Yniguez-church's count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings was record at 778, while survivors of "political assassinations" was 370; 203 "massacre" victims; 186desaparecido ; 502 tortured, and those illegally arrested. [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings GMA NEWS.TV, Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings] ]Puno requested for truce and talks with
insurgents : "Let us rather engage in the conspiracy of hope…and hope for peace"." Puno forwarded the summit's recommendation to PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo , theSenate of the Philippines and House of Representatives. [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51466/CPP-SC-summit-cant-stop-mastermind-of-killings GMA NEWS.TV, CPP: SC summit can’t stop mastermind of killings] ] [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=77149 Inquirer.net, Let's engage in a conspiracy of Hope] ] [ [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=84857 ABS-CBN Interactive, More groups ask Supreme Court to junk anti-terror law] ]“"Extralegal killings"” (UN instruments term) are those committed without
due process of law , which include summary and arbitrary executions, “"salvagings"” , [threats to take the life of journalists, "inter alia". “"Enforced disappearances"” (defined by Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances), include: arrest, detention or abduction by a government official or organized groups under the government; the refusal of the State to disclose the fate or whereabouts of missing persons, "inter alia". [ [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=93560 Abs-Cbn Interactive, The writ of amparo: Judiciary’s sword unsheathed] ]Writs of Amparo and Habeas Data
On
August 17 , 2007 Puno said that thewrit of amparo, would bar the militaryplea of denial (at a speech at the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption's 9th anniversary, Camp Crame). Under the writ, plaintiffs or victims will have the right of access to information on their lawsuits -- a constitutional right called the "habeas data" derived from constitutions ofLatin America . The final draft of these twin writs (retroactive) will be promulgated on October. Puno tersely summed the writs "In other words, if you have this right, it would be very, very difficult for State agents, State authorities to be able to escape from their culpability." [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=83222 Inquiret.net, Military can’t shrug off killings--Chief Justice] ] [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/56476/SC-ready-with-writ-of-amparo-by-September---Puno ABS-CBN Interactive, SC ready with writ of amparo by Sept - Puno] ]Puno stated that with the writ of Habeas corpus, the writs of Habeas Data and writ of amparo will further assist "those looking for missing loved ones". [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85704 Inquirer.net, SC drafting writ of habeas data invoking right to truth] ] On
August 30 , 2007, Puno (speech atSilliman University inDumaguete City,Negros Oriental ) promised to institute the "writ of habeas data" (“"you should have the idea"” or “"you should have the data"”). Puno explained that amparo barsalibi , while Habeas Data "can find out what information is held by the officer, rectify or even the destroy erroneous data gathered".Brazil used the writ, followed byColombia ,Paraguay ,Peru ,Argentina andEcuador . [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85617 Inquirer.net, Habeas data: SC’s new remedy vs killings, disappearances] ]The
Philippine 1987 Constitution was derived from the 1973Ferdinand Marcos Constitution, it's 1981 amendment, from the 1935 constitution, and from theUnited States Constitution . The United States Constitution was adopted in its original form onSeptember 17 , 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later ratified by conventions in each state in the name of "the People"." The U.S. Constitution is the oldest written national constitution except possibly for San Marino 's Statutes of 1600, whose status as a true constitution is disputed by scholars. The Writ of Amparo is a remedy to enforce fundamental rights. “"among the different procedures that have been established for the protection of human rights, the primary ones that provide direct and immediate protection are habeas corpus and amparo. The difference between these two writs is that habeas corpus is designed to enforce the right to freedom of the person, whereas amparo is designed to protect those other fundamental human rights enshrined in the Constitution but not covered by the writ of habeas corpus".” [ [http://law.ateneo.edu/?p=191&type=2&sec=1&aid=16&PHPSESSID=5b05ee64cda85720318e623ce1b4233f Law.ateneo.edu, Ateneo De Manila Law School] ] [ [http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=432819 Irb-cisr.gc.ca,RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS] ]The literal translation from Latin of
Habeas Data is “"you should have the data"”. Habeas Data is a constitutional right to protect, per lawsuit filed in court, to protect the image, privacy, honour, information self-determination and freedom of information of a person. Habeas Data can used to discover what information is held about his or her person (via rectification or destruction of the personal data held. Habeas Data originated, "inter alia", from the Council of Europe’s 108th Convention on Data Protection of 1981 (aimed at protecting the privacy of the individual regarding the automated processing of personal data; with right to access their personal data held in an automated database. [ [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2000_2/guadamuz Warwick.ac.uk Andres Guadamuz, "Habeas Data: The Latin American response to data protection", Journal of Information, Law & Technology 2000(2).] ]Historical Promulgations of Writs of Amparo and Habeas Data
A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, the Rule on the Writ of Amparo
AM No. 08-1-16-SC, the Rule on the Writ of Habeas Data
On
September 25 , 2007, Chief JusticeReynato Puno officially announced the approval or promulgation of the Writ of Amparo: "Today, the Supreme Court promulgated the rule that will place the constitutional right to life, liberty and security above violation and threats of violation. This rule will provide the victims of extralegal killings and enforced disappearances the protection they need and the promise of vindication for their rights. This rule empowers our courts to issue reliefs that may be granted through judicial orders of protection, production, inspection and other relief to safeguard one's life and liberty The writ of amparo shall hold public authorities, those who took their oath to defend the constitution and enforce our laws, to a high standard of official conduct and hold them accountable to our people. The sovereign Filipino people should be assured that if their right to life and liberty is threatened or violated, they will find vindication in our courts of justice"." [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=90626 Inquirer.net, SC approves use of writ of amparo] ]On
January 22 ,2008 , the Supreme Court En Banc approved the rules for the writ ofHabeas Data ("to protect a person’s right to privacy and allow a person to control any information concerning them"), effective on February 2, the Philippines’ Constitution Day. [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080122-114091/Supreme-Court-okays-rules-of-habeas-data newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews, Supreme Court okays rules of ‘habeas data’] ]Reynato Puno traced thehistory ofHabeas Data "to theCouncil of Europe ’s 108th Convention on Data Protection of 1981;Brazil was the firstLatin America n country to adopt the Writ of Habeas Data in 1988 and was strengthened by its National Congress in 1997; in 1991,Colombia incorporated Habeas Data in its Constitution;Paraguay followed in 1992,Peru in 1993,Argentina in 1994, andEcuador in 1996." InArgentina , Habeas Data allowed "access to police and military records otherwise closed to them." [ [http://www.mb.com.ph/MAIN20080123115104.html mb.com.ph, Supreme Court adopts Writ of Habeas Data] ] [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/01/01240801.php supremecourt.gov.ph, SC Promulgates Rule on the Writ of Habeas Data] ]The Resolution and the Rule on the Writ of Amparo gave legal birth to Puno's brainchild. [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/RULE.pdf Supremecourt.gov.ph, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO] ] [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/A.M.%20No.%2007-9-12-SC.pdf S.C. Resolution, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO] ] [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2007/09/09250701.php Supremecourt.gov.ph, SC Approves Rule on Writ of Amparo] ] No filing or legal fee is required for Amparo which takes effect on
October 24 in time for the 62nd anniversary of theUnited Nations . Puno also stated that the court will soon issue rules on the writ of Habeas Data and the implementing guidelines for Habeas Corpus. The petition for the writ of amparo may be filed "on any day and at any time" with the Regional Trial Court, or with theSandiganbayan , the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. The interim reliefs under amparo are: temporary protection order (TPO), inspection order (IO), production order (PO), and witness protection order (WPO, RA 6981). [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/61889/SC-approves-rule-on-writ-of-amparo-vs-extralegal-killings GMA NEWS.TV, SC approves rule on writ of amparo vs extralegal killings] ]Recent events
*On
September 26 ,2007 ,human rights lawyer Jose Manuel Diokno (Free Legal Assistance Group, FLAG) stated that the writ of amparo can be invoked byjournalists in storiescensorship by the government concerning the anti-terrorism law (Human Security Act). Diokno, in theworkshop sponsored by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism inBaguio City added that journalist, in the petition, can submit the censored story as annex, and it becomes a publicdocument that can be used forpublication . [ [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/story_page/tabid/55/cat/national/news/3716/default.aspx Abs-Cbn Interactive, Journalists can cite writ of amparo vs censorship] ]*On
October 23 ,2007 , the Free Legal Assistance Group issued a (a 47-question-and-answer format) primer on the writ of amparo. [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/65642/Writ-of-amparo-takes-effect-lawyers-group-issues-primer gmanews.tv, Writ of amparo takes effect; lawyers' group issues primer] ] OnOctober 24 ,2007 , in a first test case, Merlinda Cadapan and Concepcion Empeno, mothers of 2 missing Philippine students filed the first petition for writ of amparo with theSupreme Court of the Philippines , to direct the military to let them search army offices for their daughters. [ [http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSMAN193825 Reuters, Missing activists' mothers test Manila court rule] ] The Court later amended the Rules by providing specifics on the period to file the return. [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/benchmark/2007/10/100705.php supremecourt.gov.ph, Period to File Return in Amparo Cases Amended] ]*On
December 3 ,2007 ,Reynato S. Puno stated that the writ released only 3 victims (including Luisito Bustamante,Davao City ), since amparo was enforced on October 24: "I would like to think that after the enactment and effectivity (of the writ), the number of extrajudicial killings and disappearances have gone down." [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/71467/Amparo-frees-3-detainees----SC-chief GmaNews.tv, 'Amparo' frees 3 detainees - SC chief] ]*On January, 2008, 11
ABS-CBN news personnel filed the writ of amparo petition with the Supreme Court, which accordingly ordered the government to comment on the petition for protection from harassment and threats of arrest. [ [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=107123 Abs-Cbn Interactive, Journalists file P10M lawsuit over Peninsula arrests] ]*On February, 2008, 7 The
Supreme Court of the Philippines issued a writ of amparo against PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyo and several other government and security officials, granting the petition filed by relatives of the key witness in the Senate investigation of the national broadband network (NBN) controversy. [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080207-117383/UPDATE-SC-issues-writ-of-amparo-vs-govt-on-Lozada-case Inquirer.net, (UPDATE) SC issues writ of amparo vs gov’t on Lozada case: Orders PNP to explain ‘abduction’] ]First landmark amparo Supreme Court judgment
The
Supreme Court of the Philippines , onOctober 7 , 2008, rendered its very first amparo decision, affirming theDecember 26 , 2007Philippine Court of Appeals judgment in favor of Raymond and Reynaldo Manalo brothers.Reynato Puno 's 49-page unanimous ponencia granted amparo relief to the Manalo brothers who were abducted by the Citizens Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAGFU) inSan Ildefonso ,Bulacan in February 2006. They escaped on August 13, 2007, after 18 months of detention and torture. [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2008/10/10070801.php supremecourt.gov, SC Decides Its 1st Amparo Case; Upholds Right to Security] ] [ [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20081008-165181/SC-upholds-amparo-for-Manalo-brothers inquirer.net, SC upholds amparo for Manalo brothers] ] [ [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/180906.htm G.R. No. 180906, Secretary of National Defense vs. RAYMOND MANALO and REYNALDO MANALO, October 7, 2008] ]International criticism
On
September 28 ,2007 , theAsian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) commented on the Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines) for being insufficient to resolve the problems of extralegal killings and enforced disappearances in the Philippines, there must be a cooperative action on all parts of the government and civil society, it said: "Though it responds to practical areas it is still necessary that further action must be taken in addition to this. The legislative bodies, House of Representatives and Senate, should also initiate its own actions promptly and without delay. They must enact laws which ensure protection of rights—laws against torture andenforced disappearance and laws to afford adequate legal remedies to victims"." AHRC objected since the writ failed to protect non-witnesses, even if they too face threats or risk to their lives. [ [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62409/Writ-of-amparo-not-enough--Hong-Kong-rights-group GMA NEWS.TV, Writ of amparo not enough – Hong Kong rights group] ]See also
*
Habeas Corpus Restoration Act of 2007
*Philippine Habeas Corpus Cases
*Constitution of the Philippines
*Chief Justice of the Philippines
*Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph The Supreme Court of the Philippines] – Official websiteExternal links
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/RULE.pdf Supremecourt.gov.ph, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO]
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/A.M.%20No.%2007-9-12-SC.pdf S.C. Resolution, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO]
* [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Chile85eng/chap.8a.htm Report on Human Rights Situation in Chile]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Mexico.pdf Library of Congress, Federal Research Division]
* [http://www.habeasdata.org/ HabeasData.org]
* [http://www.findhabeas.com Find Habeas]
* [http://law.ateneo.edu/?p=191&type=2&sec=1&aid=16&PHPSESSID=5b05ee64cda85720318e623ce1b4233f Law.ateneo.edu]
* [http://www.asiaviews.org/?content=153499ym32dddw4&headline=20070628025425 SC takes new role in national debate]
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/benchmark/2007/10/100705.php supremecourt.gov.ph, Period to File Return in Amparo Cases Amended]
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/speech/11-19-07-speech.pdf Speech of C.J. Puno on Habeas Data]
* [http://www.gmanews.tv/video/17016/Reporters-file-petition-for-writ-of-amparo gmanews.tv/video, Reporters file petition for writ of amparo - 01/21/2008]
* [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=106268 Abs-Cbn Interactive, Petition for Writ of amparo filed by 11 ABS-CBN reporters to ask SC to declare Nov. 29 arrest illegal]
* [http://www.pnp.gov.ph/down/content/CHR/WritofAmparo.pdf pnp.gov.ph, Writ of Amparo]
* [http://www.chanrobles.com/writofamparo.html chanrobles.com, writ of amparo, html]
* [http://www.chanrobles.com/writofamparo_amendedsections9and11.html chanrobles.com, writ of amparo, amended, sections9 and 11, html]
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/rulesofcourt/2008/jan/A.M.No.08-1-16-SC.pdf supremecourt.gov.ph, A.M.No.08-1-16-SC.pdf]
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/Annotation_amparo.pdf supremecourt.gov, ANNOTATION TO THE WRIT OF AMPARO]References
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.