Perna viridis

Taxobox
name = Asian green mussel


image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Mollusca
classis = Bivalvia
subclassis = Pteriomorphia
ordo = Mytiloida
familia = Mytilidae
genus = "Perna"
species = "P. viridis"
binomial = "Perna viridis"
binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

The Asian green mussel ("Perna viridis"), also known as the Philippine green mussel, is an economically important mussel, a bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested for food but is also known to harbor toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as drainage pipes. It is native in the Asia-Pacific region and was introduced in the waters of Australia, the Caribbean, Japan, North America, and South America.cite web | url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=731&fr=1&sts= | title= Asian Green Mussel | publisher= Global Invasive Species Database | date = | accessdate=2007-09-25]

Description

"Perna viridis" ranges from 80 to 100 millimeters in length and may occasionally reach 165 mm. Its shell ends in a downward-pointing beak. The smooth periostracum is dark green, becoming increasingly brownish towards its point of attachment (umbo), where it is lighter. Younger mussels are bright green and that becomes darker as it ages. The shell’s interior has a pale-blue sheen.cite web | url=http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/Reports/Perna_viridis_sheet.pdf | title= Asian Green Mussel | publisher= National Introduced Pest Marine Information System | date = | accessdate=2007-09-25] The mussel has a large mobile foot which it uses to climb vertically should it be covered by sediments. It also produce byssus to help it attach to its substrate. [cite journal|last=Seed|first=R|coauthors=C. A. Richardson|date=273-287|title=Evolutionary traits in Perna viridis (Linnaeus) and Septifer virgatus (Wiegmann) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=239
issue=2|pages=273–287|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8F-3WS6049-8&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d3e18482440219abc18590013e162fa6|accessdate=2008-04-26|doi=10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00043-X]

"Perna canaliculus" and "Perna perna" are two similar species, native to the waters of New Zealand and Africa respectively.cite web | url=http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=150 | title= Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) | publisher= Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission | date = | accessdate=2007-09-25]

Habitat and distribution

The Asian green mussel is found in the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region. However the mussels are introduced to other areas as invasive species via boat hulls and water ballasts.

The mussel inhabits estuarine habitats and is found in densities as high as 35,000 individuals per square meter in any submerged marine object. Although vivid green in appearance, the mussels are shrouded with overgrowth and are often hard to find. The mussels live in waters that are 11-32ºC with a wide-ranging salinity of about 18-33 ppt. "P. viridis" grows fastest at 2 meters below the surface, in high salinity and high concentration of phytoplankton although it can tolerate a range of salinity and turbid water.

Ecology and life history

The Asian green mussel has separate sexes and fertilizes externally. There are a very few functional hermaphrodites (<0.1%). The mussel's sexual development was shown to be affected by temperature. [cite journal |last=Lee |first=S.Y. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |month= |title=THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE AND SEXUALITY OF THE GREEN MUSSEL PERNA VIRIDIS (L.) (BIVALVIA: MYTILACEA) IN VICTORIA HARBOUR, HONG KONG |journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=317–323 |id= |url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/3/317 |accessdate= 2007-09-25 |quote=|doi=10.1093/mollus/54.3.317 ] Spawning ordinarily occurs twice a year between early spring and late autumn; however, the mussels found in the Philippines and Thailand are known to spawn all year round.The zygote transforms to a larva 7-8 hours after fertilization. The larvae stay in the water column for 10-12 days before undergoing metamorphosis into a juvenile and settling onto a surface. The juveniles become sexually mature when they are 15-30 mm in length, a size reached within 2-3 months. Growth is influenced by the availability of food, temperature, water movement, mussel's age, and caging. Cage culturing can prevent entry of predators and barnacles increases marketability but slows down the mussel's growth rate. [cite book|last=Marine Biological Association of Hong Kong|coauthors=Brian Morton|title=Asian Marine Biology|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|date=1986|pages=111|isbn=9622091873|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lQlpDmU2AzQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA111&dq=perna+viridis&ots=yG0dnrm8iA&sig=trunsJMN0ZH43HHeG9pimZ0zjjM#PPA123,M1|accessdate=2008-04-26] The adult can live to up 2-3 years. Due to its fast growth, it can outcompete other fouling organisms and cause changes in marine ecological relationships.

The mussel is a filter feeder that feeds on phytoplankton, zooplankton and suspended organic materials. They are eaten by fishes, crustaceans, seastars, octopuses and humans.

Importance to humans

"P. viridis" is harvested in the Indo-Pacific region as a food source due to its fast growth. However, it can harbor deadly Saxitoxin produced by the dinoflagellates that it feeds upon. It can also be used as a biomonitor to indicate pollution caused by heavy metals, organochlorides and petroleum products. Mussels that are in contaminated areas have labile lysosomal membranes due to metal-induced stress. [cite journal|last=Nicholson|first=Shaun|date=January 1999|title=Cytological and Physiological Biomarker Responses from Green Mussels, Perna viridis (L.) Transplanted to Contaminated Sites in Hong Kong Coastal Waters|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=39|issue=1-12|pages=261–268|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6N-47XPGRF-1B&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=028e6ba00b2fd10c3e512023ce8cc077|accessdate=2008-04-26|doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(98)90189-8]

The mussel is also notorious for clogging water pipes used by industrial complexes and fouling marine equipment. It has fouled the intake condenser tunnels of power plants in India and Florida and the navigational buoys in China where their biomass has grown to up to72 kg/m2.cite web|url=http://cars.er.usgs.gov/greenmussel4.pdf|title=NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES INFORMATION BULLETIN: Green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus,|last=Florida Caribbean Science Center|date=2001-05-15|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=2008-04-25] Chlorination of pipes and using high velocity water was shown to decrease or remove "P. viridis" population. However, the mussel excretes ammonia which reacts with the chlorine to form chloramine, a weaker disinfectant than chlorine. Ammonia can also accelerate the corrosion of copper-based alloys found in the water pipes. [cite journal |last=MASILAMONI |first=J. GUNASINGH |authorlink= |coauthors=MASILAMONI, J. AZARIAH, K. NANDAKUMAR, K. SAMEUL JESUDOSS, K. K. SATPATHY, K.V.K. NAIR |year=2001 |month= |title=Excretory Products of Green Mussel Perna viridis L. and their Implications on Power Plant Operation |journal=Turk J Zool |volume=25 |issue= |pages=117–125 |id= |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-01-25-2/zoo-25-2-7-98072.pdf |accessdate= 2007-09-25 |quote= ] Heat treatment is also being considered as an alternative to chlorination due to the safety and environmental concerns raised by the latter method. [cite journal|last=Rajagopal|first=S|coauthors=Venugopalan, V P, Azariah, J, Nair, K V K|date=1995|title= Response of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) to heat treatment in relation to power plant biofouling control|journal= Biofouling|volume=8|issue=4|pages=313–330|url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=20070650344666MT&q=perna+viridis&uid=792662975&setcookie=yes|accessdate=2008-04-26]

As an invasive species, the mollusk is viewed as threat to the United States' oyster fishery. It might also displace native mussels by introducing harmful parasites and diseases.

References