Sinkiuse-Columbia

Sinkiuse-Columbia

Regions with significant populations
United StatesUnited States (Washington)
Languages
English, Columbia
Related ethnic groups
Colville, Sanpoil, Nespelem, Sinixt, Wenatchi, Entiat, Methow, Southern Okanagan, Palus, Nez Perce of Chief Joseph's band, and Pisquow

The Sinkiuse-Columbia were a Native American tribe so-called because of their former prominent association with the Columbia River. They called themselves .tskowa'xtsEnux, or .skowa'xtsEnEx (meaning has something to do with "main valley"), or Sinkiuse. They applied the name also to other neighboring Interior Salish peoples. The name may have belonged originally to a band which once inhabited the Umatilla Valley.^[1]

Other names the Sinkiuse-Columbia Indians were known by included:

• Bo'tcaced, by the Nez Percé, probably, meaning "arrows" or "arrow people."
• Papspê'lu, another Nez Perce name, meaning "firs," or "fir-tree people."
• Isle-de-Pierre, name conferred by the French Canadian employees of the fur companies, meaning "rock island", perhaps for a band of the tribe.
• Middle Columbia Salish, so called by Teit (1928) and Spier (1930 b).
• Sa'ladebc, probably the Snohomish name.
• Suwa'dabc, Snohomish name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people," or "interior people."
• swa'dab.c, Twana name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people."
• swa'namc, Nooksack name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people."
• Ti'attluxa, Wasco Chinook name.

Ethnography

The Sinkiuse lived on the east side of Columbia River from Fort Okanogan to approximately Point Eaton. Later, a reservation was created for them known as Columbia Reservation. In 1870, Winans placed them "on the east and south sides of the Columbia River from the Grand Coulee down to Priest's Rapids."

The Sinkiuse belonged to the inland division of the Salishan group. Their nearest relatives were the Wenatchi and Methow. Hale also classified the Sinkiuse as a division of the Pisquows with population 355 in 1905, 299 in 1908, 540 (with others?) in 1990.^[2]

Mooney (1928) estimates the Sinkiuse to have numbered 800 in 1780, but they may have been more numerous as Teit (1927) estimated that this tribe and the Pisquow together totaled approximately 10,000 before smallpox reached them.

Subdivisions or Bands (According to Teit, 1930)

• .nkee'us or .s.nkeie'usox (Umatilla Valley).
• Stata'ketux, around White Bluffs on the Columbia River.
• .tskowa'xtsEnux or .skowa'xtsFnEx, also called Moses-Columbia or Moses Band after the famous Chief Moses.
• Curtis (1907-9) gives the following: "Near the mouth of the sink of Crab Creek were the Sinkumkunatkuh, and above them the SinkolkolumInuh. Then came in succession the Stapi'sknuh, the Skukulat'kuh, the Skoáhchnuh, the Skihlkintnuh, and, finally, the Skultagchi'mh, a little above the mouth of Wenatchee River."
• Spier (1927) adds that the Sinkowarsin met by Thompson in 1811 might have been a band of this tribe.

The Sinkiuse are now under the jurisdiction of Colville Agency and one band, the Moses-Columbia Band, is in the southern part of Colville Indian Reservation.

Language

The Sinkiuse-Columbia historically spoke an Interior Salish Southern dialect, Columbia-Moses. Other Interior Salish Southern dialects, were spoken by Pisquow, Wenatchi, and Methow.^[3]

Notes

1. ^ "Columbia or Sinkiuse-Columbia Indians". okanogan-county-guide.com. 2005-09-25. http://www.okanogan-county-guide.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=159. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
2. ^ "Sinkiuse/Sinkyone Indian Tribe History". accessgenealogy.com. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/salish/sinkiusehits.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
3. ^ "Salishan Indian Dialects". accessgenealogy.com. http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/salish/salishandialects.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 

Further reading

• Czaykowska-Higgins, and Paul Proulx. 2000. "REVIEWS - What's in a Word? Structure in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 66, no. 3: 410.
• Drews, Robin Arthur. Culture Sequences in the Middle Columbia Region. 1938.
• Hunt, Clair. Sinkiuse-Columbia, Nespelim, and Nez Percé Indians on Colville Indian Reservation. 1910.
• Mattina, Nancy. 2006. "Determiner Phrases in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 1: 97.
• Ray, Verne Frederick. The Columbia Indian Confederacy: A League of Central Plateau Tribes. [S.l: s.n, 196-].
• Teit, James Alexander, and Franz Boas. The Middle Columbia Salish. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington Press, 1928.

External links

• Sinkiuse/Sinkyone Indian Tribe History
• Columbia or Moses Reservation
• Photo First Inhabitants: Columbia Sinkiuse