Lining out

Lining out is a form of a cappella hymn-singing or hymnody in which a leader, often called the clerk or precentor, gives each line of a hymn tune as it is to be sung, usually in a chanted form giving or suggesting the tune. It can be considered a form of call and response.

History

Lining out was a common 17th and 18th century form of psalm and hymn singing in both Great Britain and America. Though less common, it survived into the nineteenth century and to the present in some contexts. It arose in the Dissenting churches in England because churchgoers either were illiterate or lacked suitable books. In addition, few churches had (or, for theological reasons, would allow) instruments like pipe organs to give the tune.

The practice of lining out was endorsed in England by the Westminster Assembly in 1664, though only for those churches that did not have a sufficient number of psalters or literate members. It became however the norm in English Dissenting churches of all levels, and American ones as well, even after psalters became more readily available.

The tide turned against lining out in England and New England in the first quarter of the 18th century, with greater literacy, improved availability of texts like Nahum Tate and Nicholas Brady's "New Version of the Psalms of David" (1696), and more widely available and better-printed tune collections. Influential clerics in England and America disliked the ragged nature of the singing that resulted as the congregation struggled to remember both the tune and the words from the lining out.

Lining out was in most places replaced by "regular singing," in which either the congregation knew a small number of tunes like Old 100th that could be fitted to many different texts in standard meters such as Common Meter, or a tunebook was used along with a word book. There began to be "singing societies" of young men who met one evening a week to rehearse. As time went on, a section of the church was allocated for these trained voices to sit together as a choir, and churches voted to end the lining out system. We have a vivid picture of the transition in Worcester, Massachusetts:

Quotation|The History of Worcester gives an interesting account of the final scene which ensued on the abolition of the "lining out" system, and the introduction of the choir. On Aug, 5, 1779, it was voted, "That the singers sit in the front seats of the gallery, and that those gentlemen who have hitherto sat in the front seats in said gallery, have a right to sit in the front and second seat below. and that said singers have said seats appropriated to said use. Voted, that said singers be requested to take said seats and carry on the singing in public worship. Voted, that the mode of singing in the congregation here be without reading the psalms line by line to be sung.

The Sabbath after the adoption of these votes, after the hymn had been read by the minister, the aged and venerable Deacon Chamberlain, unwilling to desert the custom of his fathers, rose and read the first line, according to the usual practice. The singers, prepared to carry the alteration into effect, proceeded without pausing at the conclusion. The white-haired officer of the church, with the full power of his voice, read on till the louder notes of the collected body overpowered the attempt to resist the progress of improvement, and the deacon, deeply mortified at the triumph of musical reformation, seized his hat, and retired from the meeting house in tears. His conduct was censured by the church, and he was for a time deprived of its communion for absenting himself from the public services of the Sabbath.|Granville L. Howe and William Smythe Babcock Mathews|"A Hundred Years of Music in America: An Account of Musical Effort in America"|(G.L. Howe, Chicago,1889).

Lining out persisted much longer in some churches in the American South, either through theological conservatism or through the recurrence of the conditions of lack of books and literacy, and in some places is still practiced today. In black churches this practice became known as "Dr. Watts Hymn Singing," a historical irony given Watts' disapproval of the practice.

Current Usage

Some Christian churches in the U.S. still do lining out. Many, though not all, churches calling themselves Primitive Baptist or Regular Baptist use it. The practice is becoming attenuated in some of them -- the leader will begin lining out, but after the first verse or two will say "Sing on!", or a part of the service is lined out but other parts are not -- so it is unclear how long it will survive. Many churches use Benjamin Lloyd's "Primitive Hymns" (1841) as a source of texts.

Some Presbyterian churches in Scotland also still do lining out, though often now in a restricted context, with other hymns being accompanied and not lined out.

Related topics

See call and response.

References

ee also

*Several linked references to the historical evolution of lining out: [http://www.smithcreekmusic.com/Hymnology/American.Hymnody/Early.American/liningout.html]

*Playable examples of lined-out hymns recorded in the 1990's by Old Regular Baptists in Kentucky: [http://oldregularbaptist.com/music.html]

*Lining out in a Mississippi congregation, with a playable example: [http://www.arts.state.ms.us/folklife/artist.php?dirname=watts_doctor]

*Review comparing shape note or Sacred Harp hymnody with lining out: [http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/s_harp.htm]

*Dargan, William T., "Lining Out the Word: Dr. Watts Hymn Singing in the Music of Black Americans" (University of California Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-520-23448-2): Afro-American lining out.