Zanj

Zanj (Arabic and Persian زنج, "Land of the Blacks") was a name used by medieval Arab geographers to refer to both a certain portion of the East African coast and its inhabitants.F.R.C. Bagley et al., "The Last Great Muslim Empires", (Brill: 1997), p.174]

Location and inhabitants

The geographers divided the coast of East Africa at large into several regions based on each region's respective inhabitants: in northern Somalia was "Barbara" (around modern-day Berbera), which was the land of the Eastern "Baribah" or "Barbaroi" (Berbers), as Somalis were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers, respectively (see "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea"). [Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, "Culture and Customs of Somalia", (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.13] [James Hastings, "Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12", (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p.490]

Beyond the Berber coast and to the south lay Zanj (also transliterated as Zenj or Zinj), a land inhabited by Negroid Bantu-speaking peoples,Bethwell A. Ogot, "Zamani: A Survey of East African History", (East African Publishing House: 1974), p.104] which stretched from the area far south of present-day Mogadishu, [Timothy Insoll, "The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa", (Cambridge University Press: 2003), p.61] to Pemba Island in Tanzania. South of Zanj lay the Land of Sofala in Mozambique, the northern limit of which may have been Pangani, opposite Pemba Island. And beyond Sofala was the obscure realm of Waq-Waq, also in Mozambique. [cite book | author = Chittick, Neville | title = The Coast Before the Arrival of the Portuguese, Chapter 5 in Ogot, BA and JA Kieran, eds., "Zamani: A Survey of East African History"| year = 1968 | pages = 100-118] [Stefan Goodwin, "Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent", (Lexington Books: 2006), p.301] The tenth century Arab historian and geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī describes Sofala as the furthest limit of the Zanj settlement and mentions its king's title as "Mfalme" (a Bantu word).

History of the Zanj

Arab writers used the term "Zanj" to refer to "Bantu-speaking Negroes" on the coast of East Africa and south of Barbara. The Zanj traded extensively with Arabs, Persians and Indians, but only locally since they possessed no ocean-going ships. Through this trade, some Arabs intermarried with local Bantu women, which eventually gave rise to the Swahili culture and language -- both Bantu in origin but significantly influenced by foreign elements (e.g. clothing, loan words, etc.). [David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg, "Islam Outside the Arab World", (Palgrave Macmillan: 1999), p.11]

Prominent settlements of the Zanj coast included Shungwaya (Bur Gao), as well as Malindi, Gedi, and Mombasa. By the late medieval period, the area included at least 37 substantial Swahili trading towns, many of them quite wealthy. However, these communities never consolidated into a single political entity (the "Zanj Empire" being a late nineteenth century fiction).

The urban ruling and commercial classes of these Swahili settlements was occupied by Arab and Persian immigrants. The Bantu peoples inhabited the coastal regions, and were organized only as family groups.

Arab and Chinese historians looked down upon the Zanj as an inferior race, and came to associate the most degrading forms of labor with them. [David Brion Davis, "Challenging the boundaries of slavery", (Harvard University Press: 2006), p.12] Roland Oliver, "Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD", (Cambridge University Press: 1975), p.192] This sentiment was exemplified in the following passage from "Kitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh, vol.4" by the medieval Arab writer Al-Muqaddasi:

As for the Zanj, they are people of black color, flat noses, kinky hair, and little understanding or intelligence.

The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by Arab traders to all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696 AD, we learn of slave revolts of the Zanj against their Arab masters in Iraq (see Zanj Rebellion). Ancient Chinese texts also mention ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with two "Seng Chi" (Zanj) slaves as gifts, and Seng Chi slaves reaching China from the Hindu kingdom of Sri Vijaya in Java.

The term "Zanj" apparently fell out of use in the tenth century. However, after 1861, when the area controlled by the Arab Sultan of Zanzibar was forced by the British to split with the parent country of Oman, it was often referred to as Zanj. Fact|date=February 2007

Zanj Rebellion

The Zanj rebellion refers to a series of uprisings which took place over a period of fifteen years (869-883 AD) near the city of Basra (also known as Basara) in modern day Iraq.

Conditions for the Zanj

The Zanj that were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in hard agriculture-related outdoor work. [ [http://history-world.org/islam12.htm Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era ] ] In particular, Zanj slaves were used in labor-intensive plantations, harvesting crops like sugarcane in the lower Mesopotamia basin of southern modern-day Iraq, a relatively unusual development in the Islamic world, which generally reserved slave labor for household chores and as soldiers. Harsh circumstances apparently motivated, between the seventh and ninth centuries, three rebellions, the largest of which occurred between 868 and 883.cite web|url=http://www.alternet.org/story/17339/|publisher="William Cobb"|title="Hidden Iraq"|]

References

ee also

* Swahili (people)
* Zingium

External links

* [http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886 showing Zanj]