Frederick Morton Eden

Sir Frederick Morton Eden (June 18, 1766 - November 14, 1809) English writer on poverty and pioneering social investigator.

Frederick Morton Eden was the oldest son of Robert Eden, governor of Maryland, and his wife Caroline Calvert, sister of the last Lord Baltimore. His father was created a baronet in 1776 and Frederick inherited the title. Frederick studied at Christ Church, Oxford. He was one of the founders of the Globe Insurance Company and later its chairman. He died suddenly at the office of the company at the early age of 43.

Eden’s reputation as a social investigator rests on " The State of the Poor, " published in 3 volumes in 1797. He explained the circumstances that led him to do the research

"The difficulties which the labouring classes experienced, from the high price of grain, and of provisions in general, as well as of cloathing [sic] and fuel, during the years 1794 and 1795, induced me, from motives both of benevolence and personal curiosity, to investigate their conditions in various parts of the kingdom."

The book was intended to provide a factual basis for the current debate on what to do about the poor. Eden writes at the beginning of the book

"These and many similar questions [relating to the poor laws] cannot, as it seems to me, be fully and satisfactorily answered, unless many minute circumstances are previously stated, which have been rarely sufficiently attended to in the plausible and ingenious but unsolid speculations of several merely theoretic reasoners."

In the style of the time, the full title of the book is a catalogue of its contents:

"The State of the Poor: or a history of the labouring classes in England, from the Conquest to the present period; in which are particularly considered, their domestic economy, with respect to diet, dress, fuel, and habitation; and the various plans which, from time to time, have been proposed and adopted for the relief of the poor: together with parochial reports relative to the administration of work-houses, and houses of industry; the state of the Friendly Societies, and other public institutions; in several agricultural, commercial and manufacturing, districts. With a large appendix; containing a comparative and chronological table of the prices of labour, of provisions, and of other commodities; an account of the poor in Scotland; and many original documents on subjects of national importance."

Eden did some of the field-work himself, obtained information from clergymen but also sent out "a remarkably faithful and intelligent person" with a questionnaire he had designed. This was modelled on that used by Sir John Sinclair in his "Statistical Account of Scotland."

Assessments from the 19th century

In " The Literature of Political Economy" McCulloch wrote "Altogether, this is the grand storehouse of information respecting the labouring classes of England, and should have a prominent place in every library."

Karl Marx wrote that Eden was "the only disciple of Adam Smith during the eighteenth century that produced any work of any importance"' (DNB).

Edgeworth wrote the article on Eden in the original " Palgrave Dictionary." He considered that the book entitled Eden to "rank with Arthur Young as one of those immediate successors of Adam Smith who best developed the inductive branch of political economy."

The twentieth-century British Prime Minister Anthony Eden was a kinsman and, according to a recent biography (D.R. Thorpe " Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden" ), he was influenced by F. M. Eden's work and kept a copy on his shelves throughout his life.

Discussions

Stone, Richard. (1997): " Some British Empiricists in the Social Sciences 1650-1900 " Cambridge University Press, New York.

Stone, M. (2001): Sir Frederick Morton Eden. In " Statisticians of the Centuries " (C.C. Heyde and E. Seneta, eds.), pp. 115-118. Springer , New York.