William Fleetwood

William Fleetwood (January 1, 1656 - August 4, 1723) English preacher, Bishop of St Asaph and Bishop of Ely, remembered by economists and statisticians for constructing a price index in 1707.

In the (anonymously published) "Chronicon Preciosum" Fleetwood asked, how much would £5 in 1440 buy "today"? The question ("the case") arose because a correspondent would lose the fellowship of an Oxford college if he had outside income in excess of £5; the college statute was composed in 1440. Fleetwood showed how much bread, drink, meat, cloth and books could be purchased at the earlier and later dates. He tabulated the changing prices of many commodities and noted that most of the prices grew at the same rate. He concluded that £5 in the fifteenth century would be worth £28 or £30 today, at the beginning of the eighteenth.

Adam Smith used some of Fleetwood's data in the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) at the end of Book I, chapter XI but he did not develop--or even adopt--the idea of comparing purchasing power at different dates. Admiration for Fleetwood's work and efforts to build on it only came in the nineteenth century. For Edgeworth the "Chronicon Preciosum" was "the oldest and one of the best treatises on index-numbers."

Fleetwood's sermons often dealt with subjects of economic interest. For example, his sermon against clipping (of gold coins), delivered before the Lord Mayor of London, explained the function of money and the "mischiefs of corrupting and debasing money." He published his sermon on paying debts during the South Sea panic.

Fleetwood seems to have been a practical Christian and, from the account of his life, a very political bishop.

The entry in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica reads as follows.

FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM (1656-1723), English divine, was descended of an ancient Lancashire family, and was born in the Tower of London on New Year's Day 1656. He received his education at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge. About the time of the Revolution he took orders, and was shortly afterwards made rector of St Austin's, London, and lecturer of St Dunstan's in the West. He became a canon of Windsor in 1702, and in 1708 he was nominated to the see of St Asaph, from which he was translated in 1714 to that of Ely. He died at Tottenham, Middlesex, on the 4th of August 1723.

Fleetwood was regarded as the best preacher of his time. He was accurate in learning, and effective in delivery, and his character stood deservedly high in general estimation. In episcopal administration he far excelled most of his contemporaries. He was a zealous Hanoverian, and a favourite with Queen Anne in spite of his Whiggism. His opposition to the doctrine of non-resistance brought him into conflict with the Tory ministry of 1712 and with Swift, but he never entered into personal controversy.

His principal writings are "An Essay on Miracles" (1701); "Chronicum preciosum" (an account of the English coinage, 1707); and "Free Sermons" (1712), containing discourses on the death of Queen Mary. He had lost his first wife, Frances Smith; and later he had a third wife, Mary, daughter of Sir John Coke and widow of Sir Edward Hartopp. the Duke of Gloucester and King William. The preface to this last was condemned to public burning by Parliament, but, as No. 384 of "The Spectator, " circulated more widely than ever. A collected edition of his works, with a biographical preface, was published in 1737.

Economic writings

* "A Sermon against Clipping" (London, 1694)
* "Chronicon Preciosum: or An Account of English Money, the Price of Corn and Other Commodities, for the Last 600 Years" (London, 1707) The work appeared in his collected works of 1737 and was reissued in 1745 with a longer title and under the author's name.
* "The Justice of Paying Debts" (1718)

Discussions

* Richard Stone "Some British Empiricists in the Social Sciences 1650-1900, " Cambridge University Press, 1996.
* W. A. Chance "A Note on the Origins of Index Numbers," "The Review of Economics and Statistics," Vol. 48, No. 1. (Feb., 1966), pp. 108-110.

* M. G. Kendall "The Early History of Index Numbers," "Review of the International Statistical institute," Vol. 37, No. 1. (1969), pp. 1-12.

Resources and external links

* [http://www.taieb.net/auteurs/Fleetwood/ "Chronicon Preciosum"] from [http://www.taieb.net/ Paulette Taieb's site]

* [http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html The Wealth of Nations] from [http://www.econlib.org/index.html The Library of Economics and Liberty]

The National Portrait Gallery has 2 portraits of William Fleetwood
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=william+fleetwood&LinkID=mp01609 Search the collection]