Edward Ashmore (British Army officer)

Infobox Military Person
name=Edward Bailey Ashmore


caption=
born=20 February 1872
died=5 October 1953
placeofbirth=Paddington, London, England
placeofdeath=Arundel, Sussex, England
nickname=Splash
allegiance=flag|United Kingdom
branch=British Army (c. 1891-1918, 1919-1929)
Royal Flying Corps
air force|United Kingdom (1918-1919)
serviceyears=
rank=Major-General
Air Vice Marshal
unit=Royal Artillery
Royal Flying Corps
commands=First Wing, RFC
IV Brigade, RFC
London Air Defence Area
1st Air Defence Brigade
Territorial Army Air Defence Brigades
battles=Boer War
World War I
World War II
awards=Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
relations=
laterwork=Founded the Observer Corps

Major General Edward Bailey Ashmore CB, CMG, MVO (20 February 1872 – 5 October 1953) was a British Army officer from the 1890s to the 1920s who served in the Royal Artillery, the Royal Flying Corps and briefly in the Royal Air Force before founding and commanding the Royal Observer Corps.

Early career

Following Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Ashmore was commissioned into the Royal Regiment of Artillery as a Second Lieutenant in 1891. He was posted to 'Q' Battery Royal Horse Artillery and served during the Second Boer War in South Africa, promoted to Lieutenant 24 July 1894. Ashmore was promoted to Captain on 13 February 1900 and was severely wounded at Sanna's Post during the relief of Kimberley on 31 March 1900.

In 1904 Ashmore served as Adjutant for the Royal Horse Artillery and attended Staff College, Camberley in January 1906. Appointed as a staff officer on the Army General Staff he was promoted to Major, in April 1909 he was returned to the establishment of the Royal Artillery. Ashmore served as a General Staff Officer 3rd Grade (GSO3) on the General Staff (War Office) and later as a 2nd Grade (GSO2).

In September 1913 he was appointed Assistant Military Secretary to the Inspector-General of the Overseas Forces and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Mediterranean Command. In January 1914 Ashmore transferred to the special reserve of the Royal Flying Corps and trained as a pilot.

By November 1914 he was Officer Commanding 1st Wing RFC with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. The following month he was appointed Officer Commanding Administration Wing RFC. Promoted to Brigadier General in January 1916 he took command of the 1st Brigade RFC. The following April he took up command of the newly established 4th Brigade. [http://www.rafweb.org/GrpO1.htm] He remained attached to RFC Headquarters unit until August 1917 carrying various ranks including Brevet Colonel, Acting Major General, Colonel and Major General. In August 1917 Ashmore was appointed Commander of the London Air Defence Area.

When the Royal Flying Corps amalgamated with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force in April 1918 Ashmore still held the rank of Major General. On the 19 April 1918 he was promoted to Air Vice Marshal until he resigned his RAF commission on the 1 December 1919.

Air defence of London

In his later military career he was the leading figure in the air defence of the United Kingdom and became the founder and first Commandant of what would eventually become the Royal Observer Corps. He was appointed to devise improved systems of detection, communication and control. A system to be called the Metropolitan Observation Service was created, this covered the London area, known as the London Air Defence Area, and was soon extended towards the coasts of Kent and Essex. The system met with some success and although it was not fully working until late summer 1918 (the last air raid took place on 19 May) the lessons learnt were to provide valuable grounding for later developments.

In 1922, responsibility for air defence was transferred from the War Office, which was responsible for the Army, to the Air Ministry. Ashmore, who had been responsible for matters during World War I, now reported to a new Air Raid Precautions (ARP) committee set up in January 1924. On 1 March 1924 he became General Officer Commanding the Territorial Army Air Defence Brigades and Inspector of Regular Anti-Aircraft Defences for Great Britain. Experiments were now carried out around Romney Marsh and the Weald. These were intended to optimise the arrangement of observation posts and control centres. In 1925 these experiments were extended to cover parts of Essex and Hampshire and by October a sound methodology had been worked out. On 29 October 1925 the Observer Corps came into official existence.

Within a year four Groups existed in SE England, covering much of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and Essex. The plan was that the country would be covered by 18 of these groups. The involvement and cooperation of the Royal Air Force (RAF), the Army, the British police forces and the General Post Office (GPO) (then responsible for the national telephone system), was required. Ashmore was the first Commandant of the Observer Corps in all but name during 1925 and he is deemed to be the Corps' founder.

World War II

During World War II he raised and commanded a battalion of the Home Guard, by which time he was over 70 years of age.

Personal life

Ashmore married Betty Parsons at Holy Trinity Church, Prince Consort Road on 17 July 1919.

References

* [http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Ashmore.htm Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Major-General E B Ashmore]
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/ashmore.htm First World War.com - Who's Who: Edward Ashmore]
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/72028 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Ashmore, Edward Bailey] (requires login)

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