Richard Goldschmidt

Infobox Scientist
name = Richard Goldschmidt
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caption = Richard Goldschmidt
birth_date = April 12, 1878
birth_place = Frankfurt am Main, Germany
death_date = April 24, 1958
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nationality = German
ethnicity =
field = genetics
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doctoral_advisor = Otto Bütschli
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Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German-born American geneticist. He is considered the first to integrate genetics, development, and evolution [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/4/1049] . He pioneered understanding of reaction norms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, and heterochrony. Controversially, Goldschmidt advanced a model of macroevolution through macromutations that is popularly known as the "Hopeful Monster" hypothesis.

Goldschmidt also described the nervous system of the nematode, a piece of work that later influenced Sydney Brenner to study the wiring diagram of "C. elegans", an achievement that later won Brenner and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in 2002.

Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany of Jewish heritage.

Career

From 1899 Goldschmidt studied medicine and zoology at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli und Carl Gegenbaur. He worked with Richard Hertwig at the University of Munich. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli in 1902. In 1909 he became professor at the University of Munich, but left in 1914 for the position as head of the genetics section of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology.

During a field trip to Japan in 1914 he was not able to return to Germany due to the outbreak of the First World War and got stranded in the United States. He ended up in an internment camp for "dangerous Germans". After his release in 1918 he returned to Germany in 1919. Because he was Jewish he had to leave Germany in 1935 and emigrated to the United States, where he became professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Selected bibliography

* Goldschmidt, R. (1917). Intersexuality and the endocrine aspect of sex. "Endocrinology" 1, 433-456
* Goldschmidt, R. (1923). "The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination", Methuen & Co., London. (Translated by William Dakin.)
* Goldschmidt, R. (1929). Experimentelle Mutation und das Problem der sogenannten Parallelinduktion. Versuche an Drosophila. "Biologisches Zentralblatt" 49, 437–448
* Goldschmidt, R. (1931). "Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen", Springer, Berlin.
* Goldschmidt, R. (1934). Lymantria. "Bibliographia Genetica" 111, 1-185
* Goldschmidt, R. (1946). 'An empirical evolutionary generalization' viewed from the standpoint of phenogenetics. "American Naturalist" 80, 305
* Goldschmidt, R. (1960) "In and Out of the Ivory Tower", Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.
*Citation
id = PMID:17780329
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17780329
last=Goldschmidt
first=
publication-date=1945 Apr 13
year=1945
title=Podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Drosophila and the origin of the insect wing.
volume=101
issue=2624
periodical=
pages=389–390
doi = 10.1126/science.101.2624.389
journal = Science
pmid = 17780329
*Citation
id = PMID:16588805
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16588805
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1948 Jun
year=1948
title=New Facts on Sex Determination in Drosophila Melanogaster.
volume=34
issue=6
periodical=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
pages=245–52
*Citation
id = PMID:17818053
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17818053
last=Goldschmidt
first=
publication-date=1949 Mar 4
year=1949
title=Research and Politics.
volume=109
issue=2827
periodical=
pages=219–227
doi = 10.1126/science.109.2827.219
journal = Science
pmid = 17818053
*Citation
id = PMID:18145306
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18145306
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1949 Jun 15
year=1949
title=The intersexual males of the beaded minute combination in Drosophila melanogaster.
volume=35
issue=6
periodical=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
pages=314–6
*Citation
id = PMID:18148325
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18148325
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1949 Oct
year=1949
title=Phenocopies.
volume=181
issue=4
periodical=Sci. Am.
pages=46–9
month = Oct
author = Goldschmidt, Rb
issn = 0036-8733
pmid = 18148325
journal = Scientific American
*Citation
id = PMID:15400338
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15400338
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1949 Nov
year=1949
title=The beaded minute-intersexes in Drosophila melanogaster Meig.
volume=112
issue=2
periodical=J. Exp. Zool.
pages=233–301
*Citation
id = PMID:15395346
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15395346
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1949 Nov 15
year=1949
title=The interpretation of the triploid intersexes of Solenobia.
volume=5
issue=11
periodical=Experientia
pages=417–25
*Citation
id = PMID:15430313
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15430313
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1950 Jul
year=1950
title="Repeats" and the modern theory of the gene.
volume=36
issue=7
periodical=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
pages=365–8
*Citation
id = PMID:14942726
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14942726
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1951
year=1951
title=Chromosomes and genes.
volume=16
issue=
periodical=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol.
pages=1–11
*Citation
id = PMID:13168356
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13168356
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1954 May 21
year=1954
title=Different philosophies of genetics.
volume=119
issue=3099
periodical=Science
pages=703–10
*Citation
id = PMID:13481293
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13481293
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
last2=Piternick
first2=L K
publication-date=1957 Jun
year=1957
title=The genetic background of chemically induced phenocopies in Drosophila.
volume=135
issue=1
periodical=J. Exp. Zool.
pages=127–202
*Citation
id = PMID:16590077
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590077
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1957 Aug 15
year=1957
title=A Remarkable Action of the mutant "rudimentary" in Drosophila melanogaster.
volume=43
issue=8
periodical=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
pages=731–6
*Citation
id = PMID:13525585
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13525585
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
last2=Piternick
first2=L K
publication-date=1957 Nov
year=1957
title=The genetic background of chemically induced phenocopies in Drosophila. II.
volume=136
issue=2
periodical=J. Exp. Zool.
pages=201–28
*Citation
id = PMID:16590117
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590117
last=Goldschmidt
first=R B
publication-date=1957 Nov 15
year=1957
title=On some phenomena in Drosophila related to so-called genic conversion.
volume=43
issue=11
periodical=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
pages=1019–26<

References

* Stern, Curt (1969). Richard Benedict Goldschmidt. "Perspect Biol Med". 12(2): 179-203. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4887419&dopt=Abstract]

External links

* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/people/richard_goldschmidt.html Gould on Richard Goldschmidt]
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dietrich/goldschmidt.html Richard Goldschmidt]