- Rock cannon
A rock cannon, also known in Welsh as a cerrig cannan, craig cannan, or in the 19th century, craig fagnel (plural: craig fagnelau; Welsh: "magnel" - gun, cannon), is a rock or boulder which has been bored with holes which can be partly loaded with
black powder (gunpowder) and ignited to make explosive sounds during traditional celebrations. They are largely found in the slate quarrying areas ofGwynedd inNorth Wales (235 sites found up to 2001). Each cannon has a number of holes which may range from 3 to 195 (at Parc Moelyci, Sling,Tregarth ).The firing of rock cannon was a traditional part of social events and celebrations in north Wales from the late 18th century, accompanied by fireworks and bonfires. The cannon firing, as part of wider celebrations, often marked a national or local event, visits by royalty, or notable births and marriages.
On a national level, the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 was widely celebrated, as was the Diamond Jubilee of
Queen Victoria and subsequent coronations.The visit of the
Duchess of Kent toBlaenau Ffestiniog saw a firing as late as 1951.On a more local level cannon were fired to mark the laying of the first stone on the
Ffestiniog Railway in 1832 [Carnarvon Herald, March 2nd, 1833] , its opening in 1836 [Carnarvon Herald, April 23rd, 1836] , and the opening of the Moelwyn Tunnel in 1942 [Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald, June 4th, 1842] .In Gwynedd the Penryn,
Vaynol , and Tanybwlch quarrying estates had large numbers of cannon.Llangynog in theBerwyn range , Llandderfel near Corwen, and eastDenbighshire also had cannon. One site exists at Seathwaite (Lake District ) and four inCornwall , where they are known in Cornwall as merriment holes.There are two basic patterns of construction. The stone may simply have a series of holes drilled at regular intervals. The ignition was carried between adjacent holes by a trail of black powder over the surface of the stone which was held in place by goose grease. A later construction had the holes linked by shallow grooves, often curved to lengthen the interval between bangs. The black powder was then laid in the grooves and covered with powdered stone to keep it in place.
The holes are typically an inch in diameter and five inches deep. Modern experiments have shown that a small amount of black powder in the hole with a powder-filled goose feather quill as a fuse, and the whole held in place by powdered slate can produce spectacular sounds and visual effects.
References
*"The Rock Cannon of Gwynedd", Griff R. Jones, 2002, ISBN 0-9533692-1-8External links
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/blaenau/pages/cannon.shtml BBC - Rock cannons - a blast from the past]
* [http://www.llechicymru.info/IQPRoyalCeleb.english.htm Slatesite - picture of rock cannon with curved connecting grooves]
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