François Massialot

François Massialot (Limoges 1660 — Paris 1733) was a French chef who served as "chef de cuisine" ("officier de bouche") to various illustrious personages, including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIV, and his son Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was first duc de Chartres then the Regent, as well as the duc d'Aumont, the Cardinal d’Estrées, and the marquis de Louvois. ["Larousse Gastronomique".] His "Nouveau cuisinier royal et bourgeois" first appeared, anonymously, as a single volume in 1691, and was expanded to two (1712) then three volumes, in the revised edition of 1733-34. [The 1740-42 three-volume Massialot is titled "Le nouveau cuisinier royal et bourgeois, ou cuisinier moderne. Qui apprend a ordonner toutes sortes de repas en gras & en maigre, & la meilleure maniere des ragoûts le plus délicats & les plus à la mode; & toutes sortes de pâtisseries: avec de nouveaux desseins de tables….Ouvrage très-utile dans les familles, aux maîtres d’hôtel & officiers de cuisine" ("The new chef, royal and bourgeois, or the modern chef. Which teaches the ordonnance of all sorts of meals, rich and lean, & the best fashion of the most delicate and most fashionable ragouts, & all sorts of pastries with new designs for table settings... A most useful Work in families, for stewards & chefs." (Antiquarian Booksellers of America website.).] His lesser cookbook, "Nouvelle instruction pour les confitures, les liqueurs et les fruits", ["New instruction for confectionery, liqueurs and fruits"; [http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book2041_156.html Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America, bibliographical details] ] (Paris, Charles de Sercy), appeared, also anonymously, in 1692.

Massialot describes himself in his preface as "a cook who dares to qualify himself royal, and it is not without cause, for the meals which he describes...have all been served at court or in the houses of princes, and of people of the first rank." Places where Massialot served banquets included the Château de Sceaux, [Sceaux was the seat of Anne, duchesse du Maine and her glittering salon.] the Château de Meudon, [Meudon was the seat of Louvois; after his death it was purchsed by the king for the "Grand Dauphin".] and Versailles. [ Barbara Ketcham Wheaton, "Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789", 1983:151; dinners he served at Versailles were in the "hôtels particuliers" of courtiers in the town, rather than in the Château de Versailles itself, where no freelance chef ever intruded.] An innovation in Massialot's book was the alphabetisation of recipes, "a step toward the first culinary dictionary" Barbara Wheaton observes; [Wheaton 153.] Wheaton has compared the changes made in the various editions of Massialot: a glass of white wine in a fish stock makes a surprisingly late appearance, in 1703. Meringues make their first appearance under their familiar name in Massialot, who is also credited with Crême brulée, in which the sugar topping was melted and burnt with a red-hot fire shovel. [ [http://www.coquinaria.nl/english/recipes/05.2histrecept.htm Massialot's creme brulée recipe and modern adaptations] ] .

Massialot's works, translated into English as "The Court and Country Cook" (1702) and often reprinted, were used by professional chefs until the middle of the eighteenth century.

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