Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems

Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems

Fred Lerdahl's "Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems" cites Pierre Boulez's Le Marteau sans Maître (1955) as an example of "a huge gap between compositional system and cognized result," though he "could have illustrated just as well with works by Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter, Luigi Nono, Karlheinz Stockhausen, or Iannis Xenakis". (In semiological terms, this is a gap between the esthesic and poietic processes.) To explain this gap, and in hopes of bridging it, Lerdahl proposes the concept of a musical grammar, "a limited set of rules that can generate indefinitely large sets of musical events and/or their structural descriptions." He divides this further into compositional grammar and listening grammar, the latter being one "more or less unconsciously employed by auditors, that generates mental representations of the music". He divides the former into natural and artificial compositional grammars. While the two have historically been fruitfully mixed, a natural grammar arises spontaneously in a culture while an artificial one is a conscious invention of an individual or group in a culture; the gap can arise only between listening grammar and artificial grammars. To begin to understand the listening grammar Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff created a theory of musical cognition, A Generative Theory of Tonal Music (1983; ISBN 0-262-62107-X). That theory is outlined in the essay. Lerdahl's constraints on artificial compositional grammars are:

Contents

Constraints on event sequences

  • Constraint 1: The musical surface must be capable of being parsed into a sequence of discrete events.
    • [counterexample: Ligeti, computer music]
  • Constraint 2: The musical surface must be available for hierarchical structuring by the listening grammar.
    • [through grouping structure, metrical structure, time-span reduction, and prolongational reduction. "Associational" factors such as motivic development and timbral relations are ignored, but for "Timbral Hierarchies" see Lerdahl 1987]
  • Constraint 3: The establishment of local grouping boundaries requires the presence of salient distinctive transitions at the musical surface.
  • Constraint 4: Projections of groups, especially at larger levels, depends on symmetry and on the establishment of musical parallelisms.
  • Constraint 5: The establishment of a metrical structure requires a degree of regularity in the placement of phenomenal accents.
  • Constraint 6: A complex time-span segmentation depends on the projection of complex grouping and metrical structures.
  • Constraint 7: The projection of a time-span tree depends on a complex time-span segmentation in conjunction with a set of stability conditions.
  • Constraint 8: The projection of a prolongational tree depends on a corresponding time-span tree in conjunction with a set of stability conditions.

Constraints on underlying materials

  • Constraint 9: Stability conditions must operate on a fixed collection of elements.
    • [usually pitches or rather fundamentals with harmonic partials]
  • Constraint 10: Intervals between elements of a collection arranged along a scale should fall within a certain range of magnitude.
  • Constraint 11: A pitch collection should recur at the octave to produce pitch classes.
    • [ octave equivalency ]
  • Constraint 12: There must be a strong psychoacoustic basis for stability conditions. For pitch collections, that requires intervals that proceed gradually from very small to comparatively large frequency ratios.
  • Constraint 13: Division of the octave into equal parts facilitates transposition and reduces memory load.
  • Constraint 14: Assume pitch sets of n-fold equal divisions of the octave. Then subsets that satisfy uniqueness, coherence, and simplicity will facilitate location within the overall pitch space.
    • [only certain divisions of the octave, 12 and 20 included, allow uniqueness, coherence, and transpositional simplicity, and only the diatonic and pentatonic subsets of the 12-tone chromatic set follow these constraints (Balzano, 1980, 1982)]

Pitch Space

  • Constraint 15: Any but the most primitive stability conditions must be susceptible to multidimensional representation, where spatial distance correlates with cognitive distance.
  • Constraint 16: Levels of pitch space must be sufficiently available from musical surfaces to be internalized.
  • Constraint 17: A reductionally organized pitch space is needed to express the steps and skips by which cognitive distance is measured and to express degrees of melodic completeness.
    • [completedness resembles implication-realization theory (Meyer, 1973 and Narmour, 1977), the Zug, Urlinie, and Bassbrechung (Schenker).]

He concludes, "Some of these constraints seem to me binding, others optional. Constraints 9-12 are essential for the very existence of stability conditions. Constraints 13-17, on the other hand, can be variously jettisoned." Examples given are South Indian music, which doesn't modulate and isn't equally tempered (13 & 14), and music such as that of Claude Debussy, Béla Bartók, and others who "have developed consonance-dissonance patterns directly from the total chromatic" (14-17).

Comprehensibility and value

  • Aesthetic Claim 1: The best music utilizes the full potential of our cognitive resources.
  • Aesthetic Claim 2: The best music arises from an alliance of a compositional grammar with the listening grammar.

To these ends he proposes the use of the terms "complexity" and "complicatedness", complexity being hierarchical structural richness, and complicatedness being "numerous non-redundant events per unit time." On Lerdahl's view complexity has aesthetic value, while complicatedness is neutral. He writes, "All sorts of music satisfy these criteria - for example, Indian raga, Japanese koto, jazz, and most Western art music. Rock music fails on grounds of insufficient complexity. Much contemporary music pursues complicatedness as compensation for a lack of complexity. In short, these criteria allow for infinite variety but only along certain lines."

"I find this conclusion both exciting and - initially at least - alarming...the constraints are tighter than I bargained for."

"My second aesthetic claim in effect rejects this ["progressivist"] attitude in favor of the older view that music-making should be based on "nature". For the ancients, nature may have resided in the music of the spheres, but for us it lies in the musical mind."

Source

  • Lerdahl, Fred (1988). "Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems." In Generative Processes in Music: The Psychology of Performance, Improvisation, and Composition, ed. John Sloboda, 231-59. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reprinted in Contemporary Music Review 6/2 (1992), pp. 97-121.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Serialism — In music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those sets.Fact|date=May 2008 Serialism is often, though not universally, held to begin with twelve tone technique,… …   Wikipedia

  • Musical analysis — This article is about the process or academic discipline of music analysis. For the academic journal by that name, see Music Analysis (journal). Musical analysis is the attempt to answer the question how does this music work?. The method employed …   Wikipedia

  • Fred Lerdahl — (born March 10 1943) is the Fritz Reiner Professor of Musical Composition at Columbia University, and a composer and music theorist best known for his work on pitch space and cognitive constraints on compositional systems or musical grammar [s] …   Wikipedia

  • Musical form — Thought form of the Music of Gounod, according to Annie Besant and C.W. Leadbeater in Thought Forms (1901) The term musical form refers to the overall structure or plan of a piece of music …   Wikipedia

  • Serialismo — El serialismo es un método de composición musical que, como su nombre indica, utiliza series, esto es, grupos de notas sin repeticiones que siguen un determinado orden. El caso más frecuente es el dodecafonismo que emplea las doce notas de la… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Theme (music) — First theme Haydn s Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 1 12   …   Wikipedia

  • Maximal evenness — The major scale is maximally even. For example, for every generic interval of a second there are only two possible specific intervals: 1 semitone (a minor second) or 2 semitones (a major second) …   Wikipedia

  • Pitch class space — In music theory, pitch class space is the circular space that results when we ignore the difference between octave related pitches. Mathematically, it is a quotient space that results from identifying or gluing together pitches sharing the same… …   Wikipedia

  • Music — For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). Music …   Wikipedia

  • linguistics — /ling gwis tiks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. [1850 55; see LINGUISTIC, ICS] * * * Study of the nature and structure of… …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”