February Patent

The February Patent was a document that was adopted in 1861 as a constitution of the Austrian Empire.

Historical background

In the Austrian Empire, the early 1860’s were a period of significant constitutional reforms. The revolutions and unfortunate wars of the late 1840’s-1850’s had created a national sense of discontent. The disastrous war in Italy demonstrated openly the weaknesses of the Austrian bureaucracy and army. The burgeoning influence of Prussia and the German Confederation was also a cause for concern. Emperor Francis Joseph I (r.1848-1916) saw that, if he was to maintain his empire, he must begin some reforms. In March 1860, the Emperor began a ‘strengthening’ of the Reichsrat, the imperial council, by adding new members and giving it advisory powers over major financial and legislative issues, including the formation of a new constitution. The parliament split into two parties, a native German-speaking and a non-German-speaking side. The German side pushed for a stronger central government, but the non-German side (Czechs and Hungarians) pushed for a division of power between the estates. Francis Joseph tried to formulate a compromise in the new constitution, the “October Diploma” (adopted Oct. 20, 1860). The Diploma created a one-hundred-member parliament with extended powers over the empire’s finances but no power over the military or legislation. Also, the Parliament did not have power over Hungary, except in matters that affected the entire empire. The Hungarian Diet controlled Hungarian internal affairs.

The new Parliament did not please either side, however. State finances continued to fail; the Germans were not happy with the power given to the diets; and the non-Germans were disappointed by the amount of power that remained in the Emperor’s hands. In addition to continuing internal problems, the Austrian Empire was plagued by outside pressures, specifically the evolution of the German Confederation. For centuries, the Habsburgs had been in control of the German states. Even when the German Confederation of States formed in 1815, Austria maintained its influence. With the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe, that influence was threatened. The Emperor saw the expansion and centralization of Parliament as a way to gain internal strength that would transfer into external power. When Anton Ritter von Schmerling became Secretary of State in late 1860, he took on the task of revising the October Diploma.

Adoption of the February Patent

In February 1861, the February Patent, a letters patent issued by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, was adopted as the “Imperial Constitution of 1861.” It was proclaimed as a revision of the previous October Diploma, the “Irrevocable Fundamental Law of the State.” The February Patent established in the Habsburg Empire a bicameral imperial parliament, still called the Reichsrat, with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber. The members of the upper chamber were appointed for life and included the crown prince, prominent bishops, heads of noble families, and great citizens. Delegates sent from the diets comprised the 343-member lower chamber, with 120 representatives from Hungary, 20 from Venetia, and 203 from the remaining non-Hungarian estates. The Emperor could check the actions of the lower chamber by appointing more of his supporters to the upper chamber.

The responsibilities of the new Parliament were divided into a ‘greater’ and a ‘lesser’ section. In the ‘greater’ section were matters that affected the empire as a whole, including Hungary. The ‘lesser’ section was for matters in the estates. Essentially, it superseded the function of the diets in non-Hungarian lands. The Hungarian Diet could function alongside the ‘lesser’ Parliament if needed. Under the February Patent, the Parliament had more decision-making power than it had before, but it was still completely subject to the Emperor. On the other hand, the Emperor could make political and military decisions without the Parliament’s consent and could make any decision he wanted whenever the Parliament was not in session, if it might be an ‘emergency.’

Aftermath

The empire's Magyar population refused to cooperate in the new system, mainly because it flopped on the more liberal changes made in the October Diploma. Only German or Romanian delegates from Hungarian lands were sent to the lower house. This resistance severely undermined the purpose of the Imperial Parliament—to unify the diverse parts of the empire through representation in a central body. In 1865, Emperor Francis Joseph shelved the February Patent in an attempt to appease Hungary. Nonetheless, the February Patent had governed the empire for five years, and parliamentary representation prevailed in Austria proper until World War I.

References

"Austria." Karl A. Roider, Jr., Encyclopædia Britannica 2006, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online accessed 21 Oct. 2006 . http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33364/Austria#409051.hook

“Parliamentarism explained,” Republik Österreich Parlament, accessed 21 Oct. 2006http://www.parlinkom.gv.at/portal/page?_pageid=1033,657858&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&P_TEXT=1&P_MEHR=J#mehr

Okey, Robin, The Habsburg Monarchy c.1765-1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse. (Palgrave Macmillan: NY) 2001.

Ingrao, Charles W., The Habsburg Monarchy 1618-1815, 2nd Edition. (Cambridge University Press: NY) 2000.

“Austria and the Problem of Reform in the German Confederation, 1851-1863”, Enno E. Kraehe, The American Historical Review, Vol. 56, No. 2. (Jan., 1951), pp. 276-294.