Yelnya Offensive

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Yelnya Offensive
partof=World War II, Battle of Smolensk


caption=
date=August 30 – September 8, 1941
place=Soviet Union
casus=
territory=
result= Soviet tactical victory
combatant1=
combatant2=
commander1=
commander2=†
strength1=?
strength2=?
casualties1=45,000 KIA or WIA or Captured
casualties2=unknown
casualties3=
notes=

The Soviet Army's Yelnya Offensive operation (August 30 – September 8, 1941) was part of the Battle of Smolensk during the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

The offensive was against the semi-circular Yelnya salient which the German 4th Army had extended 50 km south-east of Smolensk forming a staging area for an continued offensive towards Vyazma and eventually Moscow. [p.7, Kurowski]

German dislocation

Initially located in the salient were the 10th Panzer Division, Waffen-SS Division Das Reich, 268th Infantry Division, and 202nd Assault Gun Battalion among others, however these were replaced by the 137th, 78th, 292nd infantry divisions in addition to the 268th [north to south along the salient's front] , about 70,000 troops in all with some 500 artillery pieces and 40 StuG IIIs of the 202nd Assault Gun Battalion, last three a part of the German XX Army Corps. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov] The northern base of the salient was held by the 15th Infantry division, while the southern base was held by the 7th Infantry Division. Although Guderian proposed a withdrawal on the 4 August during a meeting with Hitler and other Army Group Centre commanders during a meeting at Novy Borisov, this was rejected as an option. [pp.6-7, Kurowski]

oviet planning

On August 26 Stavka ordered the 24th Army of the Reserve Front, led by Major General Konstantin Rakutin, to start an offensive on August 30 against the salient. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov] The intent of the offensive was to assault the bases of the salient, with the 102nd Tank и 303rd Rifle divisions forming the outer front of the encirclement, and the 107th, 100th Rifle divisions of the northern pincer and 106th Mechanised Rifle division [reinforced by the 103rd separate tank battalion] of the southern pincer forming the inner front of the encirclement. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov] Supporting the 106th in the south was the 303rd Rifle Division. Containing the salient in the central (eastern) sector of the offensive were the 19th and 309th Rifle Divisions. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov] The 103rd Motorised and 120th Rifle divisions were deployed n the northern and southern sides of the salient in heavily fortified field positions to prevent possible routes of escape by the German divisions. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov] The 24th Army was allocated only 20 aircraft for reconnaissance and correction of artillery fire for the operation, with no dedicated fighter or strike support. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov]

Conduct of the offensive

On September 3, under the threat of the encirclement the Germans started retreating from the salient while maintaining resistance on the flanks. On September 6 Yelnya was retaken. The Soviet offensive continued until September 8, when it was stopped at the new German defense line.

This was the most substantial reverse that the Wehrmacht had suffered up to that date and the first successful planned Soviet offensive operation in the Soviet-German war. German losses in the operation were 45,000 killed, wounded or captured. Red Army losses have been variously estimated to at Major General Rakutin fell during the battle.

Creation of the Guards

The Yelnya Offensive is also associated with the creation of the elite Guards units when 100th and 127th Rifle divisions were renamed into 1st and 2nd Guards Rifle divisions. On 26 September 1941 the 107th and 120th Rifle divisions were also renamed the 5th and 6th Guards Rifle divisions. [Khoroshilov & Bazhenov]

Citations and notes

References

* Kurowski, Franz, Translated by David Johnston, "Panzer Aces II: Battle Stories of German Tank Commanders in World War II", Stackpole Books, 2004
* Newton, Steven H., "Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walther Model--Hitler's Favorite General", Da Capo Press, 2005
* Khoroshilov, G. (Col.), Bazhenov, A., (Maj.), Yelnya Offensive Operation of 1941, Military-historical Journal, No.9, 1974, ( _ru. Полковник Г. Хорошилов, майор А. Баженов, Ельнинская наступательная операция 1941 года, Военно-исторический журнал" № 9, 1974 г)

Recommended readings

*"Voyenno-Istorichesky Zhurnal" ("Military History Journal"), # 10, October 1986.