Rotavirus vaccine

A rotavirus vaccine protects children from rotaviruses, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children.cite journal |author=Dennehy PH |title=Transmission of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in the home |journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. |volume=19 |issue=10 Suppl |pages=S103–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11052397 |doi=10.1097/00006454-200010001-00003] Each year more than 500,000 children die from diarrhoeal disease caused by rotavirus, [ [http://www.who.int/wer/2007/wer8232.pdf World Health Organization. Rotavirus vaccines position paper.] ] and another two million are hospitalised.cite journal
author=Simpson E, Wittet S, Bonilla J, Gamazina K, Cooley L, Winkler JL
title=Use of formative research in developing a knowledge translation approach to rotavirus vaccine introduction in developing countries
journal=BMC Public Health
volume=7
issue=
pages=281
year=2007
pmid=17919334
doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-281
url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/281] Most deaths occur in developing countries, where access to treatment is limited; however, nearly every child in the world will suffer an episode of diarrhea caused by rotavirus before age five.cite journal
author=Velázquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero L, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Glass RI, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios GM
title=Rotavirus infections in infants as protection against subsequent infections
journal=N. Engl. J. Med.
volume=335
issue=14
pages=1022–8
year=1996
pmid=8793926
url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/335/14/1022
doi=10.1056/NEJM199610033351404]

The "Rotavirus Vaccine Program" aims to reduce child morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal disease by accelerating the availability of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries. The Rotavirus Vaccine Program is a collaboration between PATH, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is funded by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. [ [http://www.rotavirus.org/ PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program] ]

History

In 1998 a rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield, by Wyeth) was licensed for use in the United States. Clinical trials in the United States, Finland, and Venezuela had found it to be 80 to 100% effective at preventing severe diarrhoea caused by rotavirus A, and researchers had detected no statistically significant serious adverse effects. The manufacturer of the vaccine, however, withdrew it from the market in 1999, after it was discovered that the vaccine may have contributed to an increased risk for intussusception, or bowel obstruction, in one of every 12,000 vaccinated infants. The experience provoked intense debate about the relative risks and benefits of a rotavirus vaccine.cite journal |author=Bines J |title=Intussusception and rotavirus vaccines |journal=Vaccine |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=3772–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16099078 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.031]

In 2006, two vaccines against Rotavirus A infection were shown to be safe and effective in children: Rotarix by GlaxoSmithKlinecite journal |author=O'Ryan M |title=Rotarix (RIX4414): an oral human rotavirus vaccine |journal=Expert review of vaccines |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=11–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17280473 |doi=10.1586/14760584.6.1.11] and RotaTeq by Merck.cite journal |author=Matson DO |title=The pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq |journal=Seminars in paediatric infectious diseases |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=195–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17055370 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2006.08.005] Both are taken orally and contain live virus.

Rotarix

Rotarix is a human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing a rotavirus strain of G1P [8] specificity.cite journal
author=O'Ryan M
title=Rotarix (RIX4414): an oral human rotavirus vaccine
journal=Expert Rev Vaccines
volume=6
issue=1
pages=11–9
year=2007
pmid=17280473
doi=10.1586/14760584.6.1.11] The licensure of Rotarix is in process in the European Union.cite journal
author=Vesikari T, Giaquinto C, Huppertz HI
title=Clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines in Europe
journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
volume=25
issue=1 Suppl
pages=S42–7
year=2006
pmid=16397428
doi=]

RotaTeq

RotaTeq is a live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains five rotaviruses produced by reassortment. The rotavirus A parent strains of the reassortants were isolated from human and bovine hosts. Four reassortant rotaviruses express one of the outer capsid, VP7, proteins (serotypes G1, G2, G3, or G4) from the human rotavirus parent strain and the attachment protein VP4 (type P7) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. The fifth reassortant virus expresses the attachment protein VP4, (type P1A), from the human rotavirus parent strain and the outer capsid protein VP7 (serotype G6) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. In February 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved RotaTeq for use in the United States. In August 2006, Health Canada approved RotaTeq for use in Canada [cite press release|url= http://www.merckfrosst.ca/assets/en/pdf/press/product_info/rotateq/press_releases/Release_NATIONAL_CNW.pdf|title=RotaTeq Is Approved In Canada|publisher=Merck Frosst Canada|date=2006-08-23|accessdate=2008-02-29] . Merck is working with a range of partners including the Rotavirus Vaccine Program, PATH, (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) and other governmental and non-governmental organisations to develop and implement mechanisms for providing access to this vaccine in the developing world.cite journal |author=McCarthy M |title=Project seeks to "fast track" rotavirus vaccine |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9357 |pages=582 |year=2003 |pmid=12598149 |doi=]

References

External links

DiseaseDisorder infobox|right
Name = Rotaviral Enteritis
ICD10 = ICD10|A|08|0
ICD9 = ICD9|008.61
ICDO =


Caption =
OMIM =
MedlinePlus = 000252
eMedicineSubj =
eMedicineTopic =
eMedicine_mult =
DiseasesDB =
MeshID = D012401|
* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/sad0406Glas7p.pdf New hope for defeating rotavirus. Scientific American. 2006 Apr;294(4)): 46-55.]
* [http://www.rotavirusvaccine.org The Rotavirus Vaccine Program]
* [http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=9669&nbr=5178&ss=6&xl=999 National Clearinghouse Guideline] : "Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)."
* [http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/default.htm#rota Vaccine Information Statement] from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (as of December 1, 2007, available in English, Spanish, Somali, and Thai)