Coastal fortifications of New Zealand

The New Zealand coastline
is 15,134 km long.

Coastal fortifications were constructed in New Zealand in two main waves. The first wave occurred around 1885 and was a response to fears of an attack by Russia. The second wave occurred during World War II and was due to fears of invasion by the Japanese.

The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions. These installations typically included gun emplacements, pill boxes, fire control or observation posts, camouflage strategies, underground bunkers, sometimes with interconnected tunnels, containing magazines, supply and plotting rooms and protected engine rooms supplying power to the gun turrets and searchlights. There were also kitchens, barracks, and officer and NCO quarters.^[1]

The "Russian-scare" forts of 1885

In the 1870s New Zealand was a young self-governing colony of Britain. It had developed no coastal defences of any consequence and was becoming increasingly sensitive to how vulnerable its harbours were to attack by a hostile power or opportunistic raider. In the aftermath of the Crimean war, Tsarist Russia seemed particularly suspicious.^[why?]

(In 1873 an Auckland editor perpetrated) ...what has been hailed the greatest spoof in the country's history. The Monday, 18 February 1873 edition of the Southern Cross reported the sudden declaration of war between England and Russia. As a result, the Russian warship Kaskowiski – whose very name should have made sober readers suspicious – had allegedly entered Auckland Harbour on the previous Saturday night and proceeded to capture a British ship, along with the city's arms and ammunition supply, and hold a number of leading citizens for ransom. The 954-man Russian vessel obviously meant business, with a dozen 30-ton guns as well as a remarkably new advance in warfare, a paralysing and deadly "water-gas" that could be injected into enemy ships from a great distance.^[2]

The Southern Cross article created panic and the Government commissioned its first reports on the colony's defences. It was now clearly understood that Britain would protect its territories and vital shipping routes, but the defence of individual ports was the responsibility of each self-governing colony. Then Russia declared war on Turkey in 1877 producing another "scare". The decision was taken to construct fortifications and purchase naval boats which would protect the harbours at Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton and Port Chalmers. These coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were to be based on British designs. Heavy artillery pieces and ammunition was ordered from Britain. By 1885 work started in earnest on the construction of what eventually became seventeen forts, further encouraged by yet another Russian scare.^[2]

Artillery

BL 8-inch Armstrong disappearing gun at North Head.

In 1885 the New Zealand Government bought ten Armstrong BL 8-inch and thirteen Armstrong BL 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. The disappearing gun was the very latest in military technology in the 1880s. It was "disappearing" because as it fired the recoil pushed the gun back underground where it could be reloaded under cover. The total costs of this artillery plus the costs of installation including land, emplacements, magazines and barracks was about £160,000.^[3]

Following the "second Russian scare" a number of additional RML 7-inch and 64-pr guns were also installed ^[4]

Artillery circa 1890	Number	Range	Notes
Armstrong BL 8-inch Mk VII disappearing guns	10	4 miles	Weighed 13 tons and fired a 180 pound shell.
Armstrong BL 6-inch disappearing guns	13	3 miles	Weighed 5 tons and fired a 100 pound shell.
RML 7 inch 7 ton guns	11		Weighed 7 tons.
RML 64-pr Mk 3 guns	9	2 miles	Weighed 64 cwt

The forts

Fort	Harbour	Way- point	Ordnance circa 1890	Range (miles)	Dates	Notes
North Head	Auckland	36°49′39″S 174°48′44″E / 36.8275°S 174.81222°E / -36.8275; 174.81222 (North Head)	1xBL 8in gun RML 7in guns 64-pr guns		1870	At Devonport, North Head was divided into three sub-forts: North Battery (to defend Rangitoto Channel) South Battery (with a 7in gun to protect the inner harbour) Fort Cautley (with the 8in gun on the summit).[5][6][7]
Bastion Point	Auckland	36°50′43″S 174°49′29″E / 36.84528°S 174.82472°E / -36.84528; 174.82472 (Bastion Point)	2xBL 6in guns		1885–	In Mission Bay. Was never completed.
Fort Resolution	Auckland		2xBL 6in guns		1885	In Parnell.
Fort Takapuna	Auckland	36°48′55″S 174°48′24″E / 36.81528°S 174.80667°E / -36.81528; 174.80667 (Fort Takapuna)	2xBL 6in guns		1886–	[8][9][10][11]
Fort Victoria	Auckland		1xBL 8in gun		1885	on Mount Victoria, Devonport. The Fort Victoria gun fired only once during its lifetime because of complaints from residents whose windows were broken.[12]
Fort Ballance	Wellington	41°17′41″S 174°50′02″E / 41.29472°S 174.83389°E / -41.29472; 174.83389 (Fort Ballance)	2x7" RML guns 1x6" BLHP gun 2 x QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt guns		1885	(1885–1886) Point Gordon. At Miramar. Wellington's primary military fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened.[13]
Fort Buckley	Wellington	41°15′38″S 174°47′17″E / 41.26056°S 174.78806°E / -41.26056; 174.78806 (Fort Buckley)	2x64-pr RML guns	2		At Kaiwharawhara.[14][15][16]
Haswell Battery	Wellington		1xBL 8in gun		1889	At Miramar.
Fort Kelburne	Wellington		2xBL 8in guns		1885	At Ngauranga.[17]
Battery Point	Lyttelton	43°36′10″S 172°44′25″E / 43.60278°S 172.74028°E / -43.60278; 172.74028 (Battery Point)			1885	At north side of Lyttelton Harbour, 3 miles from mouth.[18][19]
Fort Jervois	Lyttelton	43°37′11″S 172°45′15″E / 43.61972°S 172.75417°E / -43.61972; 172.75417 (Ripapa Island)	2x8in BL guns 2x6in BL guns		1886	On Ripapa Island on the south side of Lyttelton Harbour (and often called 'Ripa') [20] Fort Jervois is an internationally rare 1880s “Russian Invasion Scare” military defence structure, which has retained a high level of authenticity of both structure and hardware (6” and 8” disappearing guns). It is one of only five examples of this type of fortification in the world. The Island has been managed by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[21]
Spur Point Battery	Lyttelton
Lawyer's Head Battery	Port Chalmers	45°54′32″S 170°32′06″E / 45.90889°S 170.535°E / -45.90889; 170.535 (Lawyer's Head Battery)			1885	Eastern Ocean Beach, Dunedin South.
Ocean Beach Battery	Port Chalmers				1886
St Clair Battery	Port Chalmers				1885	On a spur of Forbury Hill above Second Beach, Dunedin. No remnants remain; the area was cleared and subdivided for residential housing.
Fort Taiaroa	Port Chalmers	45°46′26″S 170°43′40″E / 45.77389°S 170.72778°E / -45.77389; 170.72778 (Fort Taiaroa)	1xBL 6in gun		1885	Otago Harbour. This Armstrong Disappearing Gun was installed in May 1889 and was recommissioned during World War II. It is the only one of its kind working and is still in its original gun pit.[22][23]

The period up to World War II

World War II coastal fortifications

Tunnel layout for a three gun emplacement system.

The second main wave of building coastal fortifications occurred during World War II. This was mainly a response to a perceived threat of invasion by the Japanese after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From 1942 until 1944, when the threat receded, forty-two coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were either developed using historical fortifications or were built from scratch. The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions. Radar was installed which allowed long range shooting at nighttime and replaced the traditional fortress system of range finding.^[1]

Ordnance

9.2 inch gun emplacement at Stony Batter.

The fortifications were equipped with both old and new ordnance, mostly British. Some World War I ordnance was requisitioned from museums and recommissioned.^{[citation needed]}

Ordnance used during World War II	Number	Range	Notes
9.2 inch guns	6	18 miles
BL BL 6 inch Mk 24 guns	3	14 miles
BL 6 inch Mk 21 guns	6	13 miles
6 inch Mark 7 guns	32	12 miles
6in EOC gun	2	6 miles	Elswick Ordnance Company
5 inch naval guns (USA)	6	10 miles	51 calibre MkVII 1912
4.7in guns	1	6 miles
4 inch Mark 7 guns	11	9 miles
155mm guns	2	9 miles
75mm guns	2
QF 12 pdr guns	8	8 miles
QF 6 pdr guns	12	5 miles
Bofors 40mm guns	48	4 miles
CASLs	48		Coastal Artillery Searchlight

The fortifications

The fortifications were administered by the Royal New Zealand Artillery, who grouped them into four areas. Each area was under the command of a heavy artillery regiment. Within each regiment the fortifications were further grouped into batteries.^{[citation needed]}

Seven of the now historic Russian scare fortifications were also used.

Upper North Island

Under the command of the 9th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.^{[citation needed]}

Battery	Name	Way- point	World War II Ordnance	Range (miles)	Dates	Notes
60	Motutapu Island	36°45′03″S 174°55′09″E / 36.75083°S 174.91917°E / -36.75083; 174.91917 (Motutapu Island)	3 x 6in Mk 21 guns 2 x CASLs	13	1936 -1945	Consisted of a battery, camp, gun emplacement, pill boxes and US naval magazines. Its remains are administered by DOC.[24]
61 RHQ	North Head [Russian scare]	36°49′39″S 174°48′44″E / 36.8275°S 174.81222°E / -36.8275; 174.81222 (North Head)	2 x 4in Mk 7 guns 2 x 12pdr guns 4 x 6pdr H&N 6 x CASLs	9	1870 -1957	Part of Auckland's coastal defence system from the Russian scare in 1885 to World War I. By World War II, with ship's guns able to fire long distances, the old fort was too close to the city it was meant to defend. New batteries were built at Motutapu, Castor Bay, Whangaparaoa and Waiheke Island and North Head became the centre of administration.[25] A complex of tunnels, guns, searchlights and other fortifications remain and it is now a historic reserve managed by the Department of Conservation.[5][6]
61	Bastion Point [Russian scare]	36°50′43″S 174°49′29″E / 36.84528°S 174.82472°E / -36.84528; 174.82472 (Bastion Point)	2 x 12pdr gun Twin 6pdr guns 3xCASLs	8	1885–	Located in Mission Bay. The fortification were buried in the 1940s when the Massey Memorial was built, and effectively forgotten. In recent years, the underlying tunnels were rediscovered.
61	Great Barrier Island		6in Mk 7 gun 4in Mk 7 gun 4 x 40mm Bofors	12
61	Manakau		1x4.7in gun	6
61	Motuihe Island	36°48′40″S 174°49′29″E / 36.81111°S 174.82472°E / -36.81111; 174.82472 (Motuihe Island)	2 x 4in Mk 7 guns	9	1872–	During World War II (1941) the Motuihe buildings became HMNZS Tamaki Naval Base, a training establishment. Now in the care of the Department of Conservation.[26][27][28]
62	Fort Takapuna [Russian scare]	36°48′55″S 174°48′24″E / 36.81528°S 174.80667°E / -36.81528; 174.80667 (Fort Takapuna)	2 x 4in Mk 7 guns 2 x CASLs	9	1886–	Also known as HMNZS Tamaki, and Narrow Neck. In 1963 the RNZN moved its New Entry Training School HMNZS TAMAKI from Motuihe Island to the fort. The navy built a new Gunnery School and set up an Officer Training School. Previously officers had been sent overseas for training. Today only the Officer and Trade Training schools remain. Has been under the care of the Department of Conservation since 2000.[8][9][10][10][11]
63	Castor Bay	36°45′22″S 174°46′0″E / 36.75611°S 174.766667°E / -36.75611; 174.766667 (Castor Bay)	2 x 6in Mk 7 guns 2 x CASLs	12	1942 -1944	Bunker at Castor Bay Notable for its camouflage strategies during World War II.[29][30][31]
64	Whanga- paraoa	36°36′09″S 174°50′16″E / 36.6025°S 174.83778°E / -36.6025; 174.83778 (Whangaparaoa)	2 x 6in Mk 7 guns 2 x CASLs	12		SE tip of peninsular
163	Whanga- paraoa	36°36′09″S 174°50′17″E / 36.6025°S 174.83806°E / -36.6025; 174.83806 (Whangaparaoa)	2 x 9.2in guns	18		SE tip of peninsular.
164	Stony Batter	36°45′45″S 175°10′27″E / 36.7625°S 175.17417°E / -36.7625; 175.17417 (Stoney Batter)	2 x 9.2in guns	18	1942–	Waiheke Island. Now in the care of the Department of Conservation.[32][33]
68	Moturoa Island	35°13′07″S 174°11′21″E / 35.21861°S 174.18917°E / -35.21861; 174.18917 (Moturoa Island)	4 x 6in Mk 7 guns 8 x 40mm Bofors	12		Bay of Islands
68	Whangaroa	35°00′40″S 173°45′21″E / 35.01111°S 173.75583°E / -35.01111; 173.75583 (Whangaroa)	6in Mk 7 gun	12		South Head of harbour.
139	Bream Head	35°51′01″S 174°31′35″E / 35.85028°S 174.52639°E / -35.85028; 174.52639 (Bream Head)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA)	10	1942 -1944	Entrance to Whangarei harbour. Remaining structures are the (Colchester) gun shelter, engine room, and observation post. The most significant feature is the spotting mural with compass bearings painted above the slit window in the observation post.[34][35]

Lower North Island

Under the command of the 10th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.^[36]

Battery	Name	Way- point	World War II Ordnance	Range (miles)	Dates	Notes
70	Palmer Head	41°20′14″S 174°49′01″E / 41.33722°S 174.81694°E / -41.33722; 174.81694 (Palmer Head)	3x6in Mk 21 guns 4xCASLs	13	1936 -1957	Located at the entrance to the Wellington Harbour. The abandoned gun pits were blown up in the late 1960s.The only remains of the structures that formed the Palmer heads battery are the underground plotting rooms which are closed for "safety reasons".[37]
71 RHQ	Fort Dorset	41°19′33″S 174°50′14″E / 41.32583°S 174.83722°E / -41.32583; 174.83722 (Fort Dorset)	2x6in Mk 7 guns 2x4in Mk 7guns 4x12pdr guns 7xCASLs	12	1908 -1991	Located on the inner entrance to Wellington harbour. The fort was demolished in 1998.[38][39]
72	Fort Ballance [Russian scare]	41°17′41″S 174°50′02″E / 41.29472°S 174.83389°E / -41.29472; 174.83389 (Fort Ballance)	2x4in Mk 7guns Twin 6pdr guns 2x75mm guns 6xCASLs	9	1885– 1945	(1885–1886) Point Gordon Located by Mount Crawford, Karaka Bays, Wellington's primary military fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened, Fort Balance was closed in 1945 but remnants still remain.[13]
73	Fort Opau	41°13′20″S 174°41′46″E / 41.22222°S 174.69611°E / -41.22222; 174.69611 (Opau)	2x6in Mk 7 guns	12	1942 -1944	Located on the western coastline of Wellington guarding the entrance to Cook Strait.[40][41][42]
165	Wrights Hill Fortress	41°17′46″S 174°44′21″E / 41.29611°S 174.73917°E / -41.29611; 174.73917 (Wrights Hill Fortress)	2x9.2in guns	18	1942 1957	This British designed fortress was similar to the 9.2 inch fortresses built at Whangaparaoa and Stoney Batter. 2,030 feet (620 metres) of interconnecting tunnels were dug. Two 185 hp diesel generators provided power to manoeuvre the guns. Each gun weighed 135 tons and could fire a 380 pound (172 kg) shell across Cook Strait or up to Plimmerton. The fortress was used for training purposes up to the mid 1950s. In early 1960 the guns were sold for scrap, ironically, to the Japanese. The Wrights Hill Fortress Restoration Society is restoring the coastal battery to its former state.[43][44]
77	Bluff Hill	39°28′43″S 176°55′03″E / 39.47861°S 176.9175°E / -39.47861; 176.9175 (Bluff Hill)	2x6in Mk 7 guns 4x40mm Bofors	12		Located at Napier. Also operated as a signal station and lighthouse during World War II.[45]
77	Titirangi (Kaiti Hill)	38°42′03″S 178°03′56″E / 38.70083°S 178.06556°E / -38.70083; 178.06556 (Kaiti Hill)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA)	10		Located at Gisborne.
78	Moturoa		2x155mm guns 4x40mm Bofors	9		Located at New Plymouth.
140	Languard Bluff	39°57′30″S 175°01′20″E / 39.95833°S 175.02222°E / -39.95833; 175.02222 (Languard Bluff)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA)	10		Located at Wanganui.[46][47]

Upper South Island

Under the command of the 11th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.^{[citation needed]}

Battery	Name	Way- point	World War II Ordnance	Range (miles)	Dates	Notes
80 RHQ	Godley Head	43°35′13″S 172°48′21″E / 43.58694°S 172.80583°E / -43.58694; 172.80583 (Godley Head)	3x6in Mk 24 guns 2xCASLs	14	1939 -1963	Located at the northern Mainland entrance to Lyttelton Harbour. Godley Head was the last NZA to be decommissioned. It last fired a gun in 1959.[48] In its heyday in World War II, the fort was staffed by over 400 men and women and was a self-contained community. The fort is ranked in the top ten New Zealand coastal defence heritage sites.[49] It is now under the care of the Department of Conservation and the Godley Head Heritage Trust.[50][51]
81	Battery Point [Russian scare]	43°36′10″S 172°44′25″E / 43.60278°S 172.74028°E / -43.60278; 172.74028 (Battery Point)	2x4in Mk 7guns Twin 6pdr guns 5xCASLs	9	1886–	Located at northern side of Lyttelton Harbour, 3 miles from mouth.[18][19]
81	Fort Jervois [Russian scare]	43°37′11″S 172°45′15″E / 43.61972°S 172.75417°E / -43.61972; 172.75417 (Ripapa Island)	6in EOC gun	6	1886	Located on Ripapa Island on the southern side of Lyttelton Harbour.[20] Fort Jervois is an internationally rare 1880s “Russian Invasion Scare” military defence structure, which has retained a high level of authenticity of both structure and hardware (6” and 8” disappearing guns). It is one of only five examples of this type of fortification in the world. The Island has been managed by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[21]
84	Tory Channel entrance		6in Mk 7 gun 12x40mm Bofors	12		Queen Charlotte Sound
84	Maraetai	41°15′21″S 174°08′01″E / 41.25583°S 174.13361°E / -41.25583; 174.13361 (Maraetai)	6in Mk 7 gun	12		Located in Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound.
84	Blumine Island	41°09′30″S 174°14′11″E / 41.15833°S 174.23639°E / -41.15833; 174.23639 (Blumine Island 1); 41°09′31″S 174°14′39″E / 41.15861°S 174.24417°E / -41.15861; 174.24417 (Blumine Island 2)	2x6in Mk 7 guns	12	1942 -1945	Guarding the northern entrance to Queen Charlotte Sound, the guns are positioned separately on the two northern points of Blumine Island. Associated with each emplacement are a magazine, observation post and accommodation camp.[52][53]
84	Post Office Point		6in Mk 7 gun	12		Located in Pelorus Sound.
84	Maud Island	41°01′01″S 173°54′21″E / 41.01694°S 173.90583°E / -41.01694; 173.90583 (Maud Island)	6in Mk 7 gun	12		Located at entrance to Pelorus Sound. Under the care of the Department of Conservation.[54][55]
84	Port Hills	41°16′10″S 173°15′59″E / 41.26944°S 173.26639°E / -41.26944; 173.26639 (Port Hills)	6in Mk 7 gun	12		Located in Nelson.
85	Smithfield Freezing Works	44°22′16″S 171°14′41″E / 44.37111°S 171.24472°E / -44.37111; 171.24472 (Smithfield Freezing Works)	2x6in Mk 7 guns 4x40mm Bofors	12	1942– 1944	Located in Timaru. The No 2 (Colchester type) gun shelter is in an excellent state of preservation [56]
134	Westport	41°43′48″S 171°35′15″E / 41.73°S 171.5875°E / -41.73; 171.5875 (Westport Gun Emplacement)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA) 4x40mm Bofors	10	1942– 1944	Located on South Spit. The Westport Gun Emplacement is no longer there but the battery observation post is visible on Google Earth.[57]
134	Cobden	42°26′15″S 171°12′45″E / 42.4375°S 171.2125°E / -42.4375; 171.2125 (Cobden)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA) 4x40mm Bofors	10	1942– 1944	Located at Greymouth. Establishment: 2 Officers, 1 WO, 3 Sergeants and 26 OR's. The Grey District Council destroyed part of this site, without consultation, in 2007 to make way for a sewer line [58]
143	Wainui	43°49′46″S 172°54′17″E / 43.82944°S 172.90472°E / -43.82944; 172.90472 (Wainui)	2x6in Mk 7 guns 4x40mm Bofors 2xCASLs	12	1942– 1944	Located at Akaroa Harbour, Banks Peninsula [59]

Lower South Island

Under the command of the 13th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.^{[citation needed]}

Battery	Name	Way- point	World War II Ordnance	Range (miles)	Dates	Notes
RHQ	Dunedin
82	Fort Taiaroa [Russian scare]	45°47′12″S 170°43′39″E / 45.78667°S 170.7275°E / -45.78667; 170.7275 (Taiaroa Heads)	6in EOC gun 5xCASLs	6		Otago Peninsula. Armstrong disappearing gun at Taiaroa Head
82	Rerewahine	45°47′13″S 170°44′45″E / 45.78694°S 170.74583°E / -45.78694; 170.74583 (Rerewahine)	2x6in Mk 7 guns	12		Otago Peninsula.
82	Tomahawk	45°54′19″S 170°33′11″E / 45.90528°S 170.55306°E / -45.90528; 170.55306 (Tomahawk)	2x6in Mk 7 guns	12		Dunedin
82	Harington Point	45°47′00″S 170°43′28″E / 45.7834°S 170.7245°E / -45.7834; 170.7245 (Harrington Point)	2xTwin 6pdr guns 2x6pdr H&N			Dunedin
141	Cape Wanbrow	45°07′13″S 170°58′50″E / 45.12028°S 170.98056°E / -45.12028; 170.98056 (Cape Wanbrow)	5in Mk 7 gun (USA)	10	1942–	Under the care of the Oamaru Coastal Defence Restoration Group [60][61]
142	Bluff		6in Mk 7 gun	12

Post war

The advent of air warfare and missiles made these forts redundant and most were decommissioned by the 1950s. Godley Head continued because of compulsory military training and last fired a gun in 1959. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has the remains of around 30 installations on lands it manages.^[48]

Postscript

None of the forts ever fired a gun in anger, though in 1939 a Battery Point gun accidentally sank the fishing boat "Dolphin" and killed its skipper.^{[citation needed]}

In 1972 the United States declassified a contingency plan for invading New Zealand. This plan consisted of a 120-page intelligence document called Naval War Plan for the Attack of Auckland, New Zealand. The intelligence for the report was gathered during the visit of the Great White Fleet to Auckland over six days in 1908. The plan advocated the Manukau Harbour as the best invasion point and landing heavy guns on Rangitoto Island to shell the forts on the North Shore. The plan was not very realistic and may have been an exercise to keep young officers busy.^[62]

See also

• Early naval vessels of New Zealand
• Coastal defences of Australia during World War II
• Coastal Forces of the Royal New Zealand Navy
• Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters
• British hardened field defences of World War II
• British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
• Seacoast Defense (US)

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Coast Artillery Defences
2. ^ ^{a b} Wolfe, Richard (2007) With Honour – Our Army Our Nation Our History. Page 51. ISBN 9780670045655
3. ^ 1885 report to Parliament on harbour defence
4. ^ Disappearing Guns
5. ^ ^{a b} North Head Historic Reserve
6. ^ ^{a b} North Head
7. ^ North Head self-guided walk
8. ^ ^{a b} 9 Coast Regiment at Fort Takapuna
9. ^ ^{a b} Fort Takapuna guided walk
10. ^ ^{a b c} Fort Takapuna Historic Reserve
11. ^ ^{a b} Fort Takapuna
12. ^ Fortifications at Mt Victoria, Auckland
13. ^ ^{a b} Fort Ballance, Wellington
14. ^ Fort Buckley
15. ^ Fort Buckley: period photo
16. ^ Fort Buckley: photos
17. ^ Fort Kelburne: Period photo
18. ^ ^{a b} Battery Point: Lyttelton Harbour
19. ^ ^{a b} Annotated photo of Battery Point
20. ^ ^{a b} Fort Jervois, Ripapa Island
21. ^ ^{a b} Fort Jervois Restoration
22. ^ Fort Taiaroa
23. ^ Raising the Guns
24. ^ Motutapu Island Recreation Reserve
25. ^ History of North Head
26. ^ Hauraki Gulf Defences
27. ^ HMNZS Tamaki
28. ^ Long, Instructor Lieutenant A.G.
29. ^ Kennedy Park or Castor Oil Bay
30. ^ McCarthy, Christine (2002) Camouflage: Military Upholstery and Interior Disguise. Space and Culture, Vol5, No4, 320–332.
31. ^ Ngaire's War
32. ^ Stony Batter Historic Reserve, Waiheke Island
33. ^ Stony Batter
34. ^ Bream Head Gun Emplacement, 1942
35. ^ Bream Head Gun – Well worth a visit
36. ^ 10 Coast Regiment
37. ^ Palmer Heads fortress, Wellington
38. ^ Fort Dorset
39. ^ Photos of guns at Fort Dorset
40. ^ Fort Opau, Wellington
41. ^ Fort Opau: Photos
42. ^ Fort Opau: More photos
43. ^ Wrights Hill Fortress Restoration Society
44. ^ Wrights Hill Fortress
45. ^ Bluff Hill Lookout
46. ^ Wanganui gun emplacements
47. ^ Photos of Wanganui Coastal Battery
48. ^ ^{a b} NZ Department of Conservation – Historic heritage
49. ^ Godley Head coastal defence battery
50. ^ The Godley Head Heritage Trust
51. ^ Godley Battery and Camp
52. ^ Defence Installations, Blumine Island
53. ^ Background to the Blumine Project
54. ^ Maud Island/Te Hoiere Scientific Reserve
55. ^ Photo of Maud Island gun emplacement
56. ^ 11 (Heavy) Coast Regiment NZA Timaru
57. ^ 134 Heavy Battery RNZA Westport
58. ^ 134 Heavy Battery NZA Greymouth
59. ^ 11 (Heavy) Coast Regiment NZA Wainui
60. ^ 141 Heavy Battery NZA Oamaru
61. ^ Cape Wanbrow Military Site
62. ^ Stevens, David and Reeve, John (2001) Southern Trident: Strategy, History and the Rise of Australian Naval Power, Page 184–188. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1865084626

• NZ coastal artillery units of World War II

Bibliography

• Cooke, Peter (2002) Defending New Zealand: Ramparts on the Sea 1840s–1950s. (Wellington). Two volumes. ISBN 0473089238. Peter Cooke is a desktop publisher who has collated images of and commented on extensive source documents and period photos he has found in various archives.
• Corbett, Peter D. (2003). A First Class Defended Port: The History of the Coast Defences of Auckland, its Harbour and Approaches. ISBN 0478224524 (Available from Auckland Conservancy, Department of Conservation).
• Glackin, Russell (2009) In defence of our land: a tour of New Zealand's historic harbour forts, Penguin, ISBN 0143011863.

External links

Map of all coordinates from Google Map of all coordinates from Bing
Export all coordinates as KML
Export all coordinates as GeoRSS
Map of all microformatted coordinates
Place data as RDF

• Coast Artillery Defences
• Map of Coastal Defence Sites around Auckland
• Hauraki Gulf Defences
• Capital Defence – Coastal Defence Sites around Wellington
• Wellington's Coastal Defences
• World War II Fortifications in Canterbury and Westland
• Artillery pieces in New Zealand
• Bunkers, tunnels, fortifications in Australia during World War II