- Brazzaville Protocol
The Brazzaville Protocol mandated the withdrawal of
Cuban troops fromAngola , paving the way forNamibia 's independence through theNew York Accords .cite book|last=Kahn|first=Owen Ellison|year=1991|title=Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia|pages=225] Representatives from the governments ofAngola ,Cuba , andSouth Africa signed the protocol onDecember 13 ,1988 inBrazzaville , Congo.cite book|last=Tvedten|first=Inge|year=1997|title=Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction|pages=38-40]Negotiation
In 1981
Chester Crocker , U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected PresidentRonald Reagan , had developed a linkage policy, tying apartheid South Africa's agreement to relinquish control of Namibia to Cuba's troop withdrawal and peace in Angola. [http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/debate/chats/crocker/ COLD WAR Chat: Chester Crocker, Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs] CNN] OnSeptember 10 ,1986 Fidel Castro made Crocker's proposal a prerequisite to withdrawal from Angola as did the South African government onMarch 8 ,1987 . The Angolan and American governments began negotiating in June 1987. The Cuban government joined negotiations onJanuary 28 ,1988 and all three parties held a round of negotiations onMarch 9 inLondon . The South African government joined negotiations onMay 3 and the parties met in June and August inNew York andGeneva . All parties approved an outline agreement of "Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa" onJuly 20 [ [http://www.usip.org/library/pa/angola/angola_cuba_sa_12221988.html Agreement Among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa] ] and agreed to a ceasefire onAugust 8 ,1988 .Alao, Abiodun. "Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa", 1994. Pages XIX-XXI.]UNITA and South African forces stopped and repelled an MPLA advance on UNITA regions in strongholds in Southern Angola ending with theBattle of Cuito Cuanavale inCuando Cubango province fromJanuary 13 toMarch 23 ,1988 , in the second largest battle in thehistory of Africa .George, Edward. "The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale", 2005. Page 1.] UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle onMarch 23 and moved for negotiations.Kahn, Owen Ellison. "Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia", 1991. University of Miami Institute for Soviet and East. Page 79.]ee also
*
Alvor Agreement
*Bicesse Accords
*Lusaka Protocol
*Nakuru Agreement
*New York Accords References
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