- Orbital Space Plane
The Orbital Space Plane (OSP) program was designed to support the
International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo such as supplies, food and other needed equipment. With the initiation ofProject Constellation ,NASA transferred the knowledge gained on the OSP to the development ofCrew Exploration Vehicle , [cite web |url=http://appropriations.senate.gov/hearmarkups/record.cfm?id=219003 |title=VA-HUD and Independent Agencies Subcommittee Hearing of FY05 Budget Request for NASA: Testimony of Sean O'Keefe, Administrator, NASA |accessdate=2007-01-29 |date=2004-03-11 |work=Hearings & Testimony |publisher=U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations] aProject Apollo -style capsule with separate crew andservice module s.Origin
The initial plans for the
International Space Station envisaged a small, low-cost 'Assured Crew Return Vehicle' which would provide emergency evacuation capability; theX-38 was the prototype of this. Following cancellation of the ACRV in2002 , the program led to the more capable Orbital Space Plane concept.The first variant of the Orbital Space Plane was designed to serve as a crew rescue vehicle for the ISS; this replaced the previous plans for a dedicated station
Crew Return Vehicle , which had been sidelined by budget cuts.This early version of the plane had been expected to enter service by 2010 [cite web |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-OSP.asp |title=Orbital Space Plane--Commuting To Space |accessdate=2007-01-29 |author=Bray, Becky |coauthors=Meyer, Patrick |date=2003-06-17 |publisher=
Marshall Space Flight Center |work=Liftoff to Space Exploration ] .Function
Future versions of the Orbital Space Plane would have been launched on an existing
EELV rocket to carry crews to theInternational Space Station . It was envisaged that the OSP would operate alongside the Shuttle with the OSP responsible for crew flights and the shuttle handling construction and cargo flights. At the time, the shuttle program was not yet set for retirement and was thought to be technically viable up until the 2030s. Thus it was expected that the two spacecraft would complement each other throughout the lifespan of the ISS. One advantage of this approach would have been assured manned access to space; the lack of this capability was to be highlighted starkly with the loss ofSpace Shuttle Columbia .Top level requirements for the Orbital Space Plane and its related systems were approved in February 2003 [cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/ospfacts.html |title=Beginning a New Era of Space Flight: The Orbital Space Plane |accessdate=2007-01-29 |year=2003 |month=May |publisher=
Marshall Space Flight Center ] . In March 2003, the program began evaluating system operations to ensure the alignment of systems design between the NASA mission and the contractor design.Transfer to the CEV program
The
Crew Exploration Vehicle program emerged from the initial OSP proposalsFact|date=February 2007, which had been based on four groups of concepts considered for the physical design of the space plane itself — or the vehicle architecture: a capsule, a lifting body, a sharp body with wings and a blunt body with wings (see image).After the Columbia accident investigation, the capsule design with a separate escape system was considered the optimal design for crew safety.
Other program components
Other components of the OSP program were the X-37 and the DART.
The
X-37 vehicle was designed to flight test advancing technologies to reduce the risk of future reusable launch vehicle systems, including the Orbital Space Plane.The Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology or "DART", was another flight demonstrator vehicle designed to test technologies required to locate and rendezvous with other spacecraft. Although
Russia has mastered this technology for years, this is the first forNASA . Using onboard guidance sensors, DART would have performed a series of maneuvers around a retired satellite. However, after a successful launch, unknown problems with the guidance system caused the vehicle to run out of thruster fuel prematurely, ending the mission before all objectives could be carried out.References
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.