Werner Hartmann (physicist)

Werner Hartmann (30 January 1912 in Berlin-Friedenau – 8 March 1988) was a German physicist who introduced microelectronics into East Germany. He studied physics at the "Technische Hochschule Berlin" and worked at Siemens before joining "Fernseh GmbH". At the end of World War II, he and his research staff were flown to the Soviet Union to work on their atomic bomb project; he was assigned to Institute G. In 1955, he arrived in the "Deutsche Demokratische Republik"; in the same year, he founded and became the director of the "VEB Vakutronik Dresden", later "VEB RFT Meßelektronik Dresden". In 1956, he completed his Habilitation at the "Technische Hochschule Dresden" and also became a professor for "Kernphysikalische Elektronik" there. In 1961, he founded the "Arbeitsstelle für Molekularelektronik Dresden ". He was awarded the National Prize in 1958. In 1974, he was removed from his positions, significantly demoted, and sent to work as a staff scientist at the "VEB Spurenmetalle Freiberg". Hartmann had been the object of security investigations by the "Stasi" for some time; while he was investigated at length and repeatedly interrogated, the alleged charges were politically motivated and no trial ever took place. The "Werner-Hartmann-Preis für Chipdesign" is an industrial award given in Hartmann’s honor for achievement in the field of semiconductors.

Education

In 1930, Hartmann began studies in physics at the "Technische Hochschule Berlin" (reorganized and renamed the " Technische Universität Berlin" in 1946). His professors there included Walter Schottky and Gustav Hertz. cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true |title=Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik
language=German] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=3
title= Part 3]

Career

In Germany

In 1935, Hartmann became a research associate to Gustav Hertz, Nobel laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens. At Siemens, he engaged in research on semiconductors. In 1937, he began work at "Fernseh GmbH"; his work there made him exempt from military service during World War II. cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true |title=Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik
language=German] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=4
title=Part 4
language=German] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html
publisher=Sachsen LG
language=German
title=Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt
date=September 2005] Augustine, 2007, 11-12.]

In Russia

Hartmann’s 10 years in Russia are best understood in the context of the collective fate of five prominent Berlin scientists in 1945, one of them being his teacher and mentor, Gustav Hertz.

At the close of World War II, Russia had special search teams operating in Austria and Germany, especially in Berlin, to identify and “requisition” equipment, materiel, intellectual property, and personnel useful to the Soviet atomic bomb project. The exploitation teams were under the Russian Alsos, and they were headed by Lavrenij Beria’s deputy, Colonel General A. P. Zavenyagin. These teams were composed of scientific staff members, in NKVD officer’s uniforms, from the bomb project’s only laboratory, Laboratory No. 2, in Moscow. In mid-May 1945, the Russian nuclear physicists Georgy Flerov and Lev Artsimovich, in NKVD colonel’s uniforms, compelled Karl Zimmer to take them to the location of Nikolaus Riehl and his staff, who had evacuated their "Auergesellschaft" facilities and were west of Berlin, hoping to be in an area occupied by the American or British military forces; Riehl was the scientific director for Auergesellschaft and involved in the German atomic energy project Uranverin. Riehl was detained at the search team’s facility in Berlin-Friedrichshagen for a week. This sojourn in Berlin turned into 10 years in the Soviet Union! Riehl was sent there to head a group, at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal’ (Электросталь [”Электросталь” is sometimes transliterated as “Elektrostal”. A one-to-one transliteration scheme transliterates the Cyrillic letter “Э” as “Eh”, which distinguishes it from that for the Cyrillic letter “Е” given as “E”. Transliterations often also drop the soft sign “ь”.] ), tasked with industrializing the production of reactor-grade uranium. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72.] Oleynikov, 2000, 7.]

Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik",cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.sachsen.de/sadra/887.htm
publiher=Sachsen auf Draht
title=Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne
language=German] Gustav Hertz, Nobel laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemi und Elektrochemie" in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the " Berlin Technische Hochschule", had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Russians would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past.Heinemann-Grüder, 2002, 44.] Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the " Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei", had Communist contacts. [ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Thiessen.] On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne’s institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist.Oleynikov, 2000, 5.] All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union along with colleagues from their institutes. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.] Naimark, 1995, 213.] about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi). Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz’s Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Oleynikov, 2000, 12-13 and 18.] Kruglov, 2002, 131.] Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens.Naimark, 1995, 209.] Other members of Institute G were Werner Schütze, Oleynikov, 2000, 13 and 18.] Karl-Franz Zühlke, Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.] and Werner Hartmann. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, [ Goals of Manfred von Ardennne’s Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader. In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to. By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. See Oleynikov, 2000, 10-11.] [ Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute. See Oleynikov, 2000, 12.] in Sinop, Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.] Naimark, 1995, 213.] a suburb of Sukhumi. Volmer went to the Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9), [ Today, NII-9 is the Bochvar All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Bochvar VNIINM. See Oleynikov, 2000, 4.] in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. Oleynikov, 2000, 13.] At Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.Oleynikov, 2000, 11.]

The importance of certain scientists and their staffs to the Russian atomic bomb project was underscored by their being flown to the Soviet Union shortly after the fall of Berlin, announced by the Soviets on 2 May 1945. For example, Manfred von Ardenne and his staff were flown to Moscow on 21 May and Nikolaus Riehl and his staff were flown to Moscow on 9 July. Hartmann and his research staff were flown there on 13 June. Hartmann worked in Agudseri (Agudzery), at Institute G, directed by Gustav Hertz. cite web
accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
language=German
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=4
title=Part 4] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html
publisher=Sachsen LG
title=Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt
date=September 2005] Augustine, 2007, 11-12.]

In Germany again

In preparation for release from the Soviet Union, it was standard practice to put German scientists into quarantine for a few years if they worked on the Soviet atomic bomb project. Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 137-139.] Once these talented and capable scientists arrived in the "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" (DDR, German Democratic Republic), they were plied with high salaries, honors, and good positions as inducements to keep them in the DDR for maintenance of information security (counterintelligence) and both technological and economic development of the DDR. Maddrell, 2006, 176-181.]

Hartmann and his group were released from the Soviet Union in March 1955, and they went to the DDR.cite web|accessdate=2008-01=18
url=http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html
publisher=Sachsen LG
title=Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt
date=September 2005] There, Hartmann demonstrated his scientific and managerial talents in a number of ways, including the founding of an institute which became a leading institute for microelectronics in the entire Soviet Bloc. However, his apolitical nature was the start of a problem for in Russia and it followed him into the DDR and magnified under the ruling Party there. Augustine, 2007, 178-189.]

In 1955, Hartmann founded and became the director of the "Volkseigener Betrieb Vakutronik Dresden" (VEB Dresden, Dresden Vakutronik People's Enterprise); later, it became the "Volkseigener Betrie Rundfunk-und-Fernmeldewesen Meßelektronik Dresden" ("VEB RFT Meßelektronik Dresden", Dresden Radio and Telecommunications Technology Measurements Electronics People's Enterprise). [ " [http://www.geocities.com/holger_freydank/Electronics_ger.html Elektronik in Dresden. Eine Chronik.] ".] cite web|accessdate-2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=5
title=Part 5
language=German] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true |title=Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik
language=German] cite web
accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html
publisher=Sachsen LG
title=Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt
date=September 2005]

In order to teach at a German university, one had to have a doctorate as well as complete Habilitation; Hartmann completed the latter, in 1956, at the "Technische Hochschule Dresden" cite web|accessdate-2008-01-17
author=Werner Hartmann
title=Habilitationsschrift: Kernphikalische Messgeräte
publisher=Technische Hochschule Dresden
url=http://www.ua.tu-dresden.de/new/Bestaende/allBest/kt_55-62.pdf
format=PDF
year=1956] (after reorganization and renaming in 1961: " Technische Universität Dresden"), where he then also became a professor of "Kernphysikalische Elektronik". From 1956 and 1957, the "Technische Hochschule Dresden" had on the faculty other notable German scientists who had returned from working on the Soviet atomic bomb project, including Heinz Barwich (Institute G), Heinz Pose and Ernst Rexer (Laboratory V), and Josef Schintlmeister (Laboratory of Measuring Instruments. Kruglov, 2002, 131.] ) cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.physik.tu-dresden.de/Physik_und_Physiker_an_der_TH_TU.pdf
publisher=Physik und Physiker
format=PDF
language=German
title="Technische Hochschule Dresden"] cite web
accessdatge=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
language=German
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=5
title=Part 5] [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"] [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".]

In 1958, Hartmann was awarded the "Nationalpreis" (National Prize). [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=4
title=Part 4] [ Augustine stated that Hartmann won the National Prize twice: See Augustine, 2007, 184.]

In 1961, Hartmann founded the "Arbeitsstelle für Molekularelektronik Dresden" (AMD, Dresden Office for Microelectronics; a.k.a AME, if “Dresden” is dropped from the name), which became a leading institute for microelectronics in the entire Soviet Block. Hartman’s AMD is not to be confused with AMD Saxony, which is a facility belonging to the American company Advanced Micro Devices. [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"] [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] [ " [http://www.geocities.com/holger_freydank/Electronics_ger.html Elektronik in Dresden. Eine Chronik.] ".]

Hartmann had been under surveillance in the Soviet Union, since 1947, for “anti-Soviet statements and attitudes.” After his return to Germany, he was the subject of the intelligence investigation "Tablette" (Tablet). Hartmann’s reading of foreign scientific journals, as well as his management style, brought suspicion on him and accusations of introducing “managerial methods of capitalist countries.” From his apolitical nature, he disliked the way the "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" (SED, Socialist Unity Party of Germany – the ruling party in the DDR) characterized and split the German people into two categories, either “party members” or “non-members”. This resulted in allegations of “non-political conformity” and “disloyalty to the SED”, a direct result from the SED’s suspicious view of members of the industrial elite who were not members of the Party. Furthermore, it was even alleged that he spent too much time writing scientific articles! In 1966, he fought receipt of a Soviet security clearance, as he feared this would limit his travel in and scientific contact with the West. In 1974, Hartmann was an object of the security investigation "Molekül" (Molecule) by the "Ministerium für Staatssicherheit" (MfS, Ministry for State Security) – the Stasi. [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"] [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] Augustine, 2007, 178-189.]

In 1974, Hartmann was removed from his positions, significantly downgraded in position, salary (84% cut), and pension rights, and sent to work as a staff scientist at the "VEB Sprurenmetalle Freiberg". He was repeatedly taken in for lengthy interrogations during the period 1974 to 1976, and he was threatened with trial for “economic crimes.” However, no trial was to take place. [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"] [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] Augustine, 2007, 178-189.]

Hartmann retired in 1977. [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"]

Hartmann died on 8 March 1988, due to complications after prostate surgery. cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
url=http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html
publihser=Sachsen LG
title=Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt
date=September 2006] Augustine, 2007, 178-189.]

Honors

*National Prize – 1958 [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=4
title=Part 4] [ Augustine stated that Hartmann won the National Prize twice: See Augustine, 2007, 184.]

*The "Werner-Hartmann-Preis für Chipdesign" (Werner Hartmann Prize for Chip Design) is awarded by the "Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden" (ZMD, Dresden Center for Microelectronics) [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt".] cite web|accessdate=2008-01-17
author=Dieckmann
year=2002
url=http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=16
language=German
title=Part 16]

Notes

References

* Ardenne, Manfred von "Erinnerungen, fortgeschrieben. Ein Forscherleben im Jahrhundert des Wandels der Wissenschaften und politischen Systeme." (Droste, 1997)

*Augustine, Dolores L. "Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945-1990" (MIT, 2007)

*Dieckmann, Christop (2002). "Vernichtung eines Unpolitischen", "Die Zeit" [http://hermes.zeit.de/pdf/archiv/2002/06/200206_hartmann.xml.pdf PDF] or [http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=all HTML] . Retrieved on 2008-01-17.

*Kruglov, Arkadii "The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry" (Taylor and Francis, 2002)

*Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006) ISBN 0-19-926750-2

*Naimark, Norman M. "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949" (Belknap, 1995)

*Oleynikov, Pavel V. "German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project", "The Nonproliferation Review" Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol07/72/72pavel.pdf (2000)] . The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).

* Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz "Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb" (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) ISBN 0-8412-3310-1.

External links

*Dieckmann, Christop "Vernichtung eines Unpolitischen", "Die Zeit" [http://hermes.zeit.de/pdf/archiv/2002/06/200206_hartmann.xml.pdf (2002)] – PDF or [http://www.zeit.de/2002/06/Vernichtung_eines_Unpolitischen?page=all (2002)] – HTML
*"http://www.geocities.com/holger_freydank/Electronics_ger.html Elektronik in Dresden. Eine Chronik.]
* [http://www.ua.tu-dresden.de/new/Bestaende/allBest/kt_55-62.pdf Habilitationsschrift] - "Technische Hochschule Dresden", 1956
* [http://www.physik.tu-dresden.de/Physik_und_Physiker_an_der_TH_TU.pdf Physik und Physiker] - "Technische Hochschule Dresden"
* [http://www.bstu.bund.de/nn_1183162/DE/MfS-DDR-Geschichte/Einzelthemen/Themenarchiv/DDR-Mikroelektronik/ddr-mikroelektronik__node.html__nnn=true Hartmann] - "Professor Werner Hartmann - Triumph und Niederlage des Begründers der DDR-Mikroelektronik"
* [http://www.sachsenlb.de/DE/Informationen/Regionen/Technologie/hintergrund_52507_52514/index.html Sachsen LG] - "Dresdens Aufstieg Chipmetropole: Werner Hartmann im Porträt"