Vir illustris

The title "vir illustris" ("illustrious man") is used as a formal indication of standing in late antiquity to describe the highest ranks within the senates of Rome and Constantinople. All senators had the title "vir clarissimus" ("very famous man"); but from the mid fourth century onwards, "vir illustris" and "vir spectabilis" ("admirable man", a lower rank than "illustris") were used to distinguish holders of high office.

History

Origins

Roman senators in late antiquity had the title "vir clarissimus" appended to their names, a custom that had developed gradually over the first two centuries. [Hirschfeld (1901), 580-2 (=Hirschfeld [1913] , 647-9).] During the fourth century, the senatorial order expanded hugely, so that the title became more commonplace and new titles, "vir spectabilis" and "vir illustris" were needed to give distinction to high ranking senators. [Jones (1964), 525-8] The first instance is in 354, used of the praetorian prefect. ["Cod. Theod." 11, 1, 6 "Rufini viri clarissimi et inlustris praefecti praetorio".] For some decades it occurs inconsistently, then its appearances become more regular, [Hirschfeld (1901), 595 (=Hirschfeld [1913] , 664-5); Berger (1915), 1072-3.] perhaps in connection with a formal codification of honours under Valentinian I in 372. [Jones (1964), 142-3; Näf (1995), 20; P. Heather 'Senatorial Careers', in "The Cambridge Ancient History" XIII (1998), 188-91.]

Offices

The offices which had a right to the title changed with time. The "Notitia dignitatum" in the early fifth century attaches it to the following offices: i) "praefectus praetorio" ("praetorian prefect"); ii) "praefectus urbi" ("urban prefect"); iii) "magister militum" ("master of the soldiers"); iv) "praepositus sacri cubiculi" ("officer of the sacred chamber"); v) "magister officiorum" ("master of offices"); vi) "quaestor"; vii) "comes sacrarum largitionum" ("count of the sacred expenditure"); viii) "comes rerum privatarum" ("count of the emperor's private property"); ix) "comes domesticorum equitum sive peditum" ("count of the household cavalry or infantry"). ["Not. dign. or." 2-15; "Not. dign. occ." 2-13; Berger (1915), 1074-7 gives a survey of the evidence from inscriptions and legal codes for these offices.] Beyond these, the title is also frequently given to consuls [Berger (1915), 1078, 29-44] , occasionally to lower offices. In these cases the title may show a broadening of the criteria or may be simply an honorary grant to an individual. [Berger (1915), 1078-9.]

Later developments

The "illustres" soon came to be regarded as the active part of the senate; and by the mid fifth century, "spectabiles" and "clarissimi" were no longer expected to take part in the senate. [Jones (1964), 529.] By the time of Justinian, senators are defined as "illustres". [A gloss in the "Digest" on a passage of Ulpian says (1, 9, 12, 1) "senatores … accipiendum est eos, qui a patriciis et consulibus usque ad omnes illustres viros descendunt, quia et hi soli in senatu sententiam dicere possunt" ("by senators we should understand those from the patricians and consuls down through to all "viri illustres", since these too are the only ones who can give their opinion in the senate").] At the same time the title "illustris" had undergone a similar devaluation to that of "clarissimus" in the fourth century; and high office holders were now indicated with the titles "vir gloriosus" or "gloriosissimus" and "vir magnificus". [Näf (1995), 21-2.]

Language

In inscriptions and ancient manuscripts, the spelling "inlustris" is more common. [T. Mommsen, "Theodosiani Libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis, Prolegomena", (Zurich: Weidmann, 1905), cxlvii.] Since the "illustres" were a subset of the "clarissimi", the title is often given as "vir clarissimus et illustris", particularly in official documents. [Hirschfeld (1901), 596-8 (=Hirschfeld [1915] , 665-7).] The shorter form is commonly abbreviated "v. i." (plural "vv. ii."), "v. inl." or "vir inl.", the longer form as "v. c. et inl." [Berger (1916), 1070, 29-38; "TLL" VII 1, 397, 1-5.]

References

*Berger, A., 'Illustris', "R.E." IX (1915), 1070-1085.
*Hirschfeld, O., 'Die Rangtitel der römischen Kaiserzeit', "Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie" (1901), 579-610, reprinted in "Kleine Schriften" (Berlin: Weidemann, 1913), 657-71.
*Jones, A.H.M., "The Later Roman Empire 284-602, A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey" (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964, repr. John Hopkins UP, 1986)
*Löhken, H., "Ordines Dignitatum" (Köln: Böhlau, 1982)
*Näf, B., "Senatorisches Standesbewusstsein in spätrömischer Zeit" (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag, Freiburg, 1995)

Notes