Lepidodendrales

Taxobox

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image_caption = A cone of "Lepidodendron"


image_width=100px
image2_caption = A bifurcation in "Lepidophloios"
fossil_range = Carboniferous
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Lycopodiophyta
classis = Isoetopsida
ordo = Lepidodendrales
familia = Lepidodendraceae
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision =
* "Lepidodendron"
* "Lepidophloios"
* "Sigillaria"

Lepidodendrales (from Gr. "scale tree") were primitive, vascular, arborescent (tree-like) plants related to the lycopsids (club mosses). They thrived during the Carboniferous period, and some reached heights of over 30 meters, with trunks often more than one meter in diameter. Sometimes called "giant club mosses", they are in fact more closely related to quillworts than to club mosses.

Morphology

Lepidodendrales had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. These leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged. The vascular system was a siphonostele with exarch xylem maturation.Clarifyme|date=April 2008

The closely packed diamond-shaped leaf scars left on the trunk and stems as the plant grew provide some of the most interesting and common fossils in Carboniferous shales and accompanying coal deposits. These fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin.

The scars, or leaf cushions, were composed of green photosynthetic tissue, evidenced by the cuticle covering and being dotted with stomata, microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into plants. Likewise, the trunks of "Lepidodendron"s would have been green, unlike modern trees which have scaly, non-photosynthetic brown or gray bark.

The lepidodendrales have been likened to giant herbs.Fact|date=April 2008 The trunks produced very little, if any, wood. Most structural support came from a thick, bark-like region. This region remained around the trunk as a rigid layer that did not flake off like that of most modern trees. As the tree grew, the leaf cushions expanded to accommodate the increasing width of the trunk.

The branches of these plants ended in cone-like structures. They did not produce seeds like many modern plants. Instead, it reproduced by means of spores. It is estimated that these plants grew rapidly and lived 10-15 years. Some species were probably monocarpic, meaning they reproduced only once toward the end of their life cycle.

Ecology

Lepidodendrales likely lived in the wettest parts of the coal swamps that existed during the Carboniferous period. They grew in dense stands, likely having as many as 1000 to 2000 individuals per hectare. This would have been possible because they did not branch until fully grown, and would have spent much of their lives as unbranched poles. In its juvenile stages, the trunk was supported by grass-like leaves that grew straight out of the trunk.

Genera

The lepidodendrales comprises three main genera, " [Lepidodendron, Lepidophloios, "and" Sigillaria", distinguished on the basis of the ratio of scale width to height - they are otherwise identical. In addition, many "organ taxa" have been identified to the lepidodendrales: each stigmaria ("root"), leaf and cone was originally given a different generic name before it could be shown that they belonged to the same organism.

See also

* Glossopteris
* Archaeopteris

References

* Davis, Paul and Kenrick, Paul. "Fossil Plants". Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C. (2004).
* Morran, Robin, C.; "A Natural History of Ferns". Timber Press (2004). ISBN 0-88192-667-1